Selasa, 03 Januari 2017

are turmeric leaves edible


alright, this is john kohler from growingyourgreens.com.they’ve another exciting episode for you and aloha from beautiful big island hawaii.i have another amazing episode for you guys today. and the reason for this episode is‘cos i’m gonna visit a friend of mine who’s actually been quite popular lately.he’s actually been written up in the whole seed catalog. now the whole seed catalog isbasically one of my favorite rare seed catalogs put out by baker creek heirloom seeds. thisis the deluxe model man. this thing is like a 2015, and it’s like, it’s a 335 pageseed catalog but more than just having seeds in there, there’s a lot of informative articlesand how they get the seeds, how they secure the seeds, how they source the seeds, howto improve your soil, all this kind of stuff.

and my buddy right here is chris carter, knownas coconut chris. he has a nice write up right here. i’ll just kinda read you the firstparagraph. seeing chris carter climb a tree isn’t much different from seeing a monkeydo so. chris has been given the nickname “coconut chris” because of his tree climbing prowess.chris is a local celebrity on the big island of hawaii where he maintains a permaculturegarden that is truly a wonderland. he has dozens of variety of rare hawaiian bananas,some of which he found on hiking experiences, uh expeditions, to remote valleys of the island.there are hundreds of fruits and vegetables growing in chris’ gardens and people comefrom near and far to see them. and that’s where i am today. i’m at my buddy coconutchris’ amazing garden. i have been here

before and i’ll put a link down below tothe video where i couldn’t show you his garden, but i did show you a really uniqueand rare fruit known as the gac fruits. and, you know, why i’m standing here, i’m standingactually on the property, not looking at his garden but i’m overlooking the beautifulpacific ocean behind me. and there’s beautiful pasture land. and i mean, literally this isthe modeling clay that coconut chris had. you know, he had pasture land. actually thisis probably nicer than when he moved in. you couldn’t even walk on it barefoot. thisis almost like barefoot walkable. they keep it mowed. it’s basically just, you know,grass. and he had to start with a place that looked like this, just barren grass with nothinggrowing and he planted a beautiful fruit orchard.

so as we kinda just walk around, you can seelike there’s more pasture behind the fence there. he’s actually seeding along thisfence line the passion fruit or lilikoi. so he just takes fruits and chucks them alongthe fence and, you know, his style of gardening is hopefully one day they just actually startto sprout and grow up. up the road they have, you know, about ten acres in all of area thatthey’re growing and playing with and growing edibles. and over on this side, this is thebig difference that we’re looking at right. this is coconut chris’ amazing permaculturewonderland as described by the seed catalog. and today i have the pleasure of sharing itwith you guys, ‘cos i know a lot of you guys can’t come here, and chris unfortunatelydoesn’t really give public tours. you know,

he does have a wwoof-ing farming experiencesif you wanna come here and actually learn and, more importantly, work ‘cos, you know,chris’ll make you work whether you come here to visit like i am today or whether youcome here to really work and to learn the skills that it takes to build your own worldclass permaculture wonderland like he has done here. so anyways let’s go ahead andhead in the wonderland and show you guys what’s growing on.so now we’re gonna walk into this wonderland here. before we even enter i wanna share withyou guys like along the total edges of the food forest, i mean, he’s planted many differentthings. this is actually one of his most hated plants. it’s actually known as the chaya.so the chaya, it makes basically edible leaves

that you can eat only once cooked. they aretoxic raw. in addition, something i learnt today, is actually the sap, you know likewe cut that lettuce we’ve got that white sap. and just the other day i had a friendat my house – he cut some lettuce and he just ate the sap. that’s something you donot want to do with a chaya. this stuff is very caustic. actually, you don’t even wannaget this sap on your skin. it’d be very bad. in addition, the chaya if you just dropit on the ground it may actually just root up from cuttings like that. but, you know,so this is an edible food crop, but it’s not one of chris’ favorite food crops. anin my opinion, you know, there are far many more interesting, edible trees that you caneat its leaves as vegetables that he’s growing

besides the chaya. so, you know, you mightwanna grow it but there’s other ones that i’d prefer to grow. i mean, aside from thatwe got some whole leaf basil. these guys are taller than 6 feet and here in the tropicswhere they don’t get freezes, unless we get global colding, which i think it’s happeningthe other way, you can grow these guys, the basils, year round. they grow amazing. i mean,all different kinds of things, both you know like edible crops, which this is primarily,but there is also plenty of, you know, landscape and ornamentals mixed in as well. we got thecomprete here, you know, really good to pull nutrients up. and as you guys can see likeone of the things that chris is really into is mulching. now whether he means mulchingwith, like you know, weeds and decayed matter

or tree limbs, all that stuff that’s onekind of mulching, but the other kind of mulching is on the other side of the pathway righthere. and what you’re looking at now is another kind of mulch he likes to do. andthis is a living mulch or a living ground cover. and this is one of his favorite plantsfor the ground cover in his perennial food forest. this is actually the sweet potatovine. so this is actually will just like grow over the grass and eventually choke it out.and it grows above the grass and it makes the edible sweet potatoes underneath the groundthat are edible. and so he really likes this a lot, as you guys can see it makes a beautifulground cover and more than likely this is something that i would use. because not onlydoes it produce food, it also helps you shade

the ground, you know, to retain moisture,you know, for the trees and the things growing above. and that’s what he has here, youknow, he has like dwarf coconuts, he had some bananas growing here that he’s shaved down.he’s got some special, unique varieties of papaya. here’s a little small papaya,like this is a whole size papaya. some really rare papayas. i mean, chris gets seeds fromall over the world and grows it here on this property on the big island. i mean, he hasstuff that nobody even grows in the whole united states and hopefully i’ll show youat least one of these guys today. i mean, it’s amazing the diversity that’s outthere and coconut chris really tries to get as much diversity. and in this nice isolatedarea where he’s not getting pollen contamination,

there’s no major growers around him formiles, he’s able to grow some unique strains and keep the genetics pure because he willonly grow certain varieties of certain crops. and he won’t even allow, like you know,seeds from non-gmo papayas growing somewhere else on his property ‘cos he doesn’t wannahave a contamination. so this is awesome and i believe everybody should, you know especiallywith the gmo crops, be more concerned about growing any kind of gmo contaminated croppingand get tested and pure seeds. absolutely. i mean, we could just walk in here. he’sgot some amazingly large leaves here and all kinds of edibles. i mean, if i was chris i’dbe saying “this is this kinda fruit tree, this is this kinda fruit tree”, but i’lltell you this one is a papaya palm, uh plant,

not a tree, because papayas aren’t trees.here’s another tree here. and he has pretty close spacing on some of these guys. you know,part of his whole theory is he plants things a lot closer than you normally might. andthen if it’s not doing well, he might cut it down or, you know, use it for mulch. andthat’s kinda like, it’s kinda like, having an insurance policy right – the more treesyou plant, you know, the more ones that could mess up, but you’re be bound and be sureto have some good ones. this is one of my favorite areas of his garden actually righthere that we just passed. and these are known as an edible shrub and if you live anywherein hawaii these are definitely two of the plants that you should definitely grow, absolutely.this is my number one favorite perennial vegetable

for tropics of all time. it’s simply knownas the katuk. k-a-t-u-k. or in florida they spell it k-tak or they say k-tak. but whatit is it basically makes these edible leaves. so these are the leaves. i like to just comedown and just strip all the leaves off and throw that in a salad bowl and you could just,you know, eat them all. it kinda tastes like you’re eating peanut butter. it’s so goodanywhere, and anybody that lives in the tropics should definitely be growing some of thisstuff. by far most delicious green i’ve ever tasted. i guess let’s see, it has theselittle red flowers and then they turn into these little seed pods. but normally thisis propagated by cuttings. this will not do good where it gets cold, where it freezes.so don’t try to grow it unless you’re

growing it indoors. but, if you live in thetropics one you must grow for sure. going down, intermixed with the katuk, if we lookvery closely there’s another one of my favorite perennial leafy greens that actually growannually that i bring in to my greenhouse. in the winter i dig it up and bring it inthe greenhouse. this is known as the purple okinawan spinach. and it’s purple becauseif we look on the back of the leaves you’re gonna see, let me find you a good specimen,over here is a big hedge of these guys. it’s nice and purple on the back side. and theseare another thing that’s really good to grow. it’s gonna basically just grow asa nice kind of a shrubby, viney hedge. grow it next to your katuk like he’s doing here.super good, super delicious and super easy.

i mean, literally you plant the katuk or theokinawan spinach once; it grows for years and years and years and years and years. insteadof like having to plant lettuce and having to replant it every 60 days right. if youguys live in the tropics, whether that’s hawaii or puerto rico, you wanna grow someof the plants that are more, you know, climate acclimated or climatory acclimated to thetropics such as these plants that would normally have been grown in the tropics. because youdon’t wanna grow plants, in my opinion, that are not acclimated to grow in the tropicsbecause they will be significantly harder to grow. in addition, it’d be my goal tojust plant all perennials that i could just plant once and not have to do anything everagain. i mean, this is just one area of chris’

amazing permaculture wonderland. this is allhis perennial food forest with, you know, not only edible vegetables but also plentyof different exotic and rare fruit trees that i have yet to know all the names. that’sa pomegranate there, i know that. oh and here’s another leafy green that you guys definitelywanna grow. you know, as you guys know my channel is called growing your greens andas much as i love fruits, and i love fruits, don’t get me wrong we’ve had some amazingheirloom bananas while we’ve been here. maybe you’ll see some at the end of thisvideo. vegetables are super important. i wanna encourage everybody out there to eat, youknow, 2 pounds of leafy greens a day. that’s my goal everyday – to eat 2 pounds of leafygreens. and in the tropics it can be difficult

to grow vegetables, but not the kinds thati’m showing you guys – the perennial vegetables. this is yet another one. this is actuallyknown as belay or be-lei and this is an edible hibiscus. so it makes these like leaves andthis is a young, baby tender leaf. some of the older leaves get affected by bugs, buteven if it has bug leaves you can still eat them. and you can just literally pick theleaves off this tree. nice and tender. to me, this tastes better than lettuce. i wishi can grow one of these, you know, in my climate because, once again, this is a tropical. itdoes not like to get below freezing. and i’d rather have a salad made out of this stuffinstead of lettuce. and it’s easier to grow in the tropics. i mean, we’re still on themain entry way here. i think we need to get

off the entry way and show you guys some ofthe more specific things he’s growing that will do really well for you as well. showyou some of his growing practices that you may wanna emulate if you have a bunch of spaceto work with. so now we’re in just one of many of thedifferent patches here or areas at coconut chris’ permaculture wonderland and there’sso many different things growing. there’s like the cuban oregano which is also usedas a ground cover in many areas. of course there’s conifery that’s just going over,you know, just pick it up and chop it and drop it. you’ve got a nice little aloe verahere. i mean, there’s so much diversity here. another thing is this palm behind me.it’s actually called the lolu and it’s

actually indemic to hawaii - only found here.and this is rare that chris has one of these. i mean he has so many different rare and uniqueplants that he’s growing out, propagating and sharing the seeds with others to keepthe genetic diversity alive. i mean, chris is a very multi-faceted man. i mean, he’ssaving seeds, he’s growing food, i mean, and all this stuff is connected. he’s, youknow, being able to become and, you know, create a more resilient, you know, hawaiiby teaching others to grow food and teaching interns to come here and how he’s literallymade this wonderland. so i got to try some of the fruits off this palm and it was simplyamazing. they’re like these little fruits – they’re kinda like, they’re kindalike mini coconuts but they’re not. you

know, they’re not like, you know, the chileanwine palm ‘cos that’s really like a coconut. these are actually quite delicious and quiteunique but they’re not a lot of food and they’re eaten when they’re in their veryyoung stage. what i really wanted to share with you in this area besides just the palmand different papayas he has is this plant right here, which is really a staple for himto grow in his permaculture system. i mean, he’ll just grow these and plant them outand then he’ll basically just cut them down whenever he wants to. and he’ll have likeliterally instant food. and what this is, this known as the chayote squash vine. he’scurrently growing two different varieties. this is something i grew even in california.the amazing part of the chayote that can be

eaten is the edible tips. so this is likethe edible tip, the growth tip. you just basically snap it back, you can snap that off. and theseshould be eaten like tender baby greens. quite good. now what’s normally used in the chayotethough is the chayote squash or the fruit itself. and if we look on the ground, we’regonna find a nice, large fruit here. and literally the fruit is the seed. so if you guys lookat this there’s like a little opening crack that looks like some kind of other openingcrack that you may be familiar with. but there’s a like little seed in there and what happensis this little seed just basically starts to germinate and you could plant this in theground, just throw it on the ground, it’ll send out like another shoot and also the rootsand grow a whole another chayote squash vine.

so what this means is you can go to your localmexican market and try to get them when they’re sprouting. that’s the best way. and youcould take them home and just plant them and have your very own chayote squash vine. nowthese are tropical creatures or plants, so they will not grow, you know, if you get ahard freeze. but i have grown them, you know, on the side of my house for the full summerseason and if it didn’t get too cold in the winter, it might barely make it. but theyare frost tender and they are some more hardier varieties than others. like i visited gardensin berkley and south san francisco in california where these guys can grow year round. nowbesides just the big fruit that it is normally thought of as something you cook with becauseit is a squash, something you could also do

is eat it raw. and many people do not knowthis and it’s actually quite delicious. if you’ve had a hard time growing, you know,something like cucumbers in the tropics you’re gonna wanna grow the chayote because it growsso much easier than any cucumber and to me it’s even more delectable. so we’re gonnago up here and try to find a young little baby chayote, and check it out, here’s likea little small one that’s like almost too small to harvest. this is getting a bit larger.and here’s a nice little small one right here. we’re gonna break that guy off andlook at that, nice and cute. this one is at a premature stage and at this point, niceand crunchy like the cucumber. tad bit sweet – a really similar consistency, kinda likethe consistency between like a crunchy cucumber

with no seeds and a baby zucchini squash.i mean, these are, i think, my new favorite vegetable to eat.so one of the things i like about coconut chris is that he grows really unique and exoticvarieties. you know, i’ve been to so many different farms, seen people grow the samethings over and over and over and over again. i think it gets so boring but when i comehere like i’m learning all kinds of new varieties and different kinds of stuff thati actually haven’t learned about anywhere else except his place. so this i really love.i love learning and growing and hopefully you guys do too and will learn a few thingsin this video as i am. and actually this is another one that’s fairly new to me althoughi did, i was here about a year ago and made

a video with coconut chris about this. thisis actually the gac fruit. so this is the gac fruit vine – this is the female vine.and this is a flower that is very sad – this is the female flower that actually hasn’tbeen pollinated so it’s kinda droopy and it’s gonna fall off and not produce a fruit.but chris and i made an amazing video on the gac fruit, and i’ll put a link down belowso check that one out if you haven’t seen it already. and, you know, and i guess i’mgonna venture on and try to find some more unique, rare varieties that he’s grown thati haven’t found anywhere else. actually one of which i learned about earlier is anew variety of jicima that nobody else is growing. and the plant is like way down inthe north so i don’t know if i’ll get

to share with you guys that. but maybe atthe end of this video we’ll get chris to share what that is and a little more aboutsome of the unique and rare varieties of food crops that he’s growing that nobody elseis. i mean, i think it’s really important i always wanna encourage you guys to diversify.you know diversify, grow something different. if there’s a bug or an infection, a diseaseon some of your plants and you’re growing all kale and all your kale’s affected, poofthere goes your food security. you got nothing to eat man. but if you’re growing differentkinds of things, things that nobody else is growing right, you’re gonna be more resilient.you’re gonna create built in resilience into your garden and that’s one of the thingsi love about chris’ garden. i mean, he’s

got so much more resilience here than literallyany place i’ve ever seen so far in the whole united states. so let’s go on and sharewith you guys some more awesome plants growing here.alright, so this is another crop that i wanna share with you guys. i mean, i shared withyou guys one of these earlier but this is another kind of edible hibiscus or belay andthis is like a red stemmed one, so this is like much more exotic and really cool looking.if you look, you know, this tree is literally off shooting several places. i mean, thisis all one branch where it’s off shooting. you got all these different tops coming off.and the cool thing about the belay is that it’s propagated by cuttings, so literallyyou just, you know, break off a cutting, stick

it in the ground and it’ll grow a wholenew tree. and plus, you know, all these leaves are all edible and they taste better thansalad. there are so many different varieties of the edible belay hibiscus and they comein all different leaves, shapes and varieties. you know, i saw a presentation by john venezuela,california rare fruit growers’ member, and man there is all kinds of cool varieties thati saw in pictures. and hopefully one day i get to go to a place where i get to tastemany of them. this absolutely is one of my favorite leafy greens and if you live anywherein the tropics, you definitely wanna be able to grow this stuff ‘cos i mean it’s justquite delicious and edible in its raw and natural state.so one of the staple foods in this permaculture

food forest is actually the bananas, and chrishas over a hundred different banana plants planted in all, and many different uniqueand rare varieties including, you know, rare hawaiian varieties that aren’t grown anywhereelse. i’ve had just earlier today, i had a i think feyhee banana that was not justwhite on the inside, it was like a nice, dark, rich yellow colour with an amazing flavor.and, i mean, these are the bananas that we should be growing instead of like the dumbwilliams or cavendish bananas you get at the grocery store, ‘cos those have no flavor,they’re picked prematurely and then gassed to ripen. guaranteed all chris’ bananasthat he grows here are never gassed and they’re only harvested when they start to turn ripe.they’re cut off the plant and taken and

covered, so that the bugs can’t get themor the rats can’t get them, to slowly ripen and then he gets full flavor out of his bananasand that’s something that can’t happen when they’re shipping bananas green. inaddition, bananas are a very good crop or fruit to grow because they grow relativelyfast and they continue to produce, you know, multiple times a year because he has so manydifferent, you know, plantings of them. for example, some fruit trees may produce justonce a year or some maybe even twice a year, but it’s rare that a fruit tree will continueto produce year round. so when designing your own permaculture fruit forest or food forest,definitely have some of these plants like the banana that you’ll be able to eat yearround from, when some of your other, you know,

fruiting trees are not in season.so to some people, coconut chris’ permaculture wonderland may look like a jumbled mess andalmost like a forest. well, after all what he’s trying to emulate is a food forestwhere there’s just all kinds of different, you know, fruit trees growing up above, smallerfruit trees growing like down below. like he has many cacao trees. he has vanilla orchidvines, maybe we’ll show you in a minute that are climbing up trees. i mean, he’smaking really good use of his small amount of real estate here to grow many differentthings. and even for him, like even if there is some weeds or some, you know, grasses growing,he’ll basically just use them to his advantage. he’ll cut those down and mulch them in becausethat is a source of green manure or fertilizer

for his land. he hasn’t actually got, wentout and bought any kinda fertilizer at the store. he’s built in, built all the fertilityon his property from the ground up, you know, with free resources and by growing greens,chopping them and dropping them. one of the best plants to do that with is this guy righthere, it’s known as the pigeon pea and it’s nft or nitrogen fixing tree. basically youjust pick them up and then you just drop them on the ground. they break down and returnnutrients into the earth. he also has done cover cropping as a method of, you know, buildingnutrients and putting them back in to the soil.so besides the bananas, another tree style crop that he grows a lot of is the papaya.this is also something that fruits year round.

i mean, actually he has some trees that havebeen producing non-stop for 4 years, year round not just like one season, it just producesyear round. the problem with papayas is that, you know, you usually got a lot of like greenfruits on the tree and only the bottom ones ripen up and they ripen up very slowly. butif you got enough trees, you could always walk around the orchard or your food forestand find one that’s ripe, like i did today, and literally once they’re ripe you justspit them off and you ,you know, you’re just gonna let this ripen a little bit moreoff the trees. it’s actually getting kinda soft because if you leave it on the tree toolong, there’ll be bugs, rats and other vermin that’ll eat your papaya instead of you eatingit.

so here’s one of my favorite edible plantsthat chris also loves to grow up fences and to create fences out of maybe a space of hisgarden where, you know, where he wants to overtake something that’s growing that maynot be desirable. and what this simply is, this is simply known as the passion fruitor lilikoi. here are some of the fruits here. and actually here’s one of the beautifulflowers. i don’t know if you guys can see that there. right there, look at that, lookat how beautiful that flower is. oh my god, it smells heavenly. but yeah, the lilikoior passion flower, passion fruit, something that’s amazing to grow up any kind of hurricanefencing to filling the fence, but also create an edible, delicious fruit. hey, be sure tocheck the link down below where i actually

visited a passion fruit farm here in the islandsto show you guys how i like to use the passion fruits.so coconut chris is growing one of my favorite grasses in the entire world. and you’relike, john i don’t see no grass! well, it’s not regular grass that i like. it’s thisstuff – it’s sugar cane. and sugar cane is a kind of grass. it’s in the grass family.sugar cane takes a very long time to grow. i’ve grown this, you know, myself in lasvegas, but it didn’t have the time to fully mature and fully develop the sweetness thatit should. but here in hawaii and other tropical locations where it doesn’t freeze, it easilygrows and, you know, creates that nice, delicious, sweet, you know, flavor inside the fibers.last visit actually to coconut chris’ actually

did juice his very own sugar cane and it wascompletely amazing, especially added in with some lilikoi and some turmeric i believe.the other thing about the grass is and the sugar cane is that chris grows many differentvarieties, including some of the more rare and unique sugar cane varieties. here’sjust one here, like a green kind, he has like a red kind here. he also has a kind with actuallylike a soft stock that’s much better for eating. and in some countries before theyactually had toothbrushes, they would just chew on the sugar cane for all the fiber toclean your teeth. and i know, you know, some of you guys are thinking, john sugar canemust be bad man, it’s just sugar! well, whole sugar cane is not the same as white,refined sugar. that’s why it’s called

white, refined sugar – they refine it! sugarcane in the sugar cane plant itself has a lot of fiber and you have to literally chewup all that fiber to extract out the delicious, sweet goodness. you know, now when you dojuice sugar cane, you are getting some sugar in the water that comes out but, you know,once again nature every plant filters water. and nature brings up the water to the sugarcane, it creates the sweetness through the photosynthesis and then we get to enjoy. andeven so when you juice sugar cane, sugar cane juice, believe it or not, has less sugar thaneven orange juice. plus, the grass family of plants absorb up to 90 minerals and putit in to its tissues so that when you eat that plant, you’re gonna get it into you.and that’s one of the reasons why i love

the fresh sugar cane juice, not only for thesweetness, you know, and low sugar compared to orange juice but also the nice shot ofthe trace minerals that i’m getting directly from the earth.so here’s another rare, unusual soleransay plant that christopher’s growing. it’sactually these guys right here, and i grew these guys actually in california and, youknow, in like the bay area or la area, you know, southern california they do quite well.they can handle some light, light, light, light frost or when it gets too cold, butthey don’t like it too, too cold, you know. so, it’s tropical but much more tolerantthan many others. this is known as the tree tomato or tamarillo fruit. and actually thisis the orange kind. there’s also a red kind,

or deep purple kind that i grew. and theseshould be optimally really, really, really, really dark color when you harvest them. andeven then the flavor, i mean it’s not sweet and it doesn’t really taste like tomatothat you know and love, but it’s quite unique. i really like it a lot and my old gardenersays when you scratch the back of the leaves and sniff, kinda smells like hot butteredpopcorn. now you’re not gonna wanna eat any other part of this plant aside from thefruit itself, because it is in the solanansay family and it’s not a good thing to eat.but the fruits they’re definitely delicious and i had bumper crops for a few years untili lost my plants. actually, i think i still have one plant growing in my greenhouse butit gets really affected bad with some of the

aphids and some scale as well. so that’skinda sad but glad to see that christopher’s growing it here and you can too. i think rareseeds.comoffer the seeds if you’d like to try to grow these. i would recommend growing themoutside in the summer and then inside in the winter, if it gets cold where you live.so you caught me - i’m on my lunchbreak. and even if you come here for a tour or towork chris will put you to work. and what i’m doing today is i’m saving seeds atthe same time i’m getting to eat my lunch. so what we’ve got here is some special jaboticabafruits. say that 5 times - jaboticaba, jaboticaba, jaboticaba, jaboticaba, jaboticaba. it’slike jabba the hut, jaboticaba. and these are actually known as tree grapes basically.they grow on the stem of the tree. they grow

a lot of them. and these are abnormally largejaboticaba fruits that are quite rare. so what he’s having everybody that comes overtoday, you’re gonna take the fruit and get to eat it, but don’t bite and chew everything.you’re gonna wanna save the seeds - most important part of the entire fruit becausethe seed is inside the fruit, so that you can share the seeds with others or simplyspit it into nature and grow a whole new tree so that the tree can reproduce. quite good.we’re gonna go ahead and this is the seed. i can’t really show you the seed – theseed is surrounded by a fruit pod. basically put this in the jar and he’s starting tosprout these guys. and he’s gonna plant these out and ask the little seedlings, andthen he’s gonna be able to share these with

others and grow more of these especially uniquearch jaboticabas on the property. so if you wonder where all those seeds endup that he saves when you come over and spit them out into a jar, they probably end upsomewhere like this. this is his little tree seedling nursery and this is just one of hislittle shade houses that he has set up to propagate out many different trees. and thisis another area of the garden that i really value chris for doing, you know. i mean, hegrows these guys out not only for his own use to plant new plants on site, but alsoshare and to offer to the community to get some of these rare and unique varieties outto others. i mean, you’ve got some really cool dragon fruits, like a blue dragon fruitover there, a purple dragon fruit, and all

different kinds of palms as well as fruittrees. now i’m gonna share with you guys how toharvest the papaya when you can’t quite reach it. we’re just gonna grab a stickand very gently just gonna cut it close to the little bit. woah, and then you gotta catchit! so you gotta have lightning fast reflexes so you can eat papayas off your own tree.alright, so now we’re walking up a big hill and we’re checking out other areas of chris’farm. now, certain parts of his farm was the perennial food forest but of course asidefrom that, he has many different other areas of his farm where he’s growing food includingthis section here which is basically just a, you know, banana orchard. lots of bananaplants and in addition, in between the banana

plants, because they are so big and shadingthings out, he’s starting, you know, a tropical exotic fruit trees down below. and when theyget bigger then he’ll chop the bananas so that these guys can get more sun. and actuallyright now we’re actually going up the hill on the way to his vegetable garden, whichis really cool. you know, it’s done like no other that i’ve seen and i want to encourageyou guys, you know, don’t just have a perennial food forest. as cool as perennial food forestsare, you might wanna also have a separate, you know, orchard that may not fit in withyour food forest as well as a special vegetable and herb garden like he does here. you know,the more kinds of different growing systems you can have, the more resilience-y you willhave in the end and the more food diversity

you will be allowed to grow.so one of the things chris attempts to do is maximize the use of his space even thoughhe has ten acres to play with here. you know, he can spread things out, you know, prettygood spacing if he wanted to. he also wants to duplicate and model nature and how naturewould work. and in nature these two plants, the vanilla orchard as well as the dragonfruit, would naturally want to grow up and climb up a tree, whether that’s a tree that’salive or a tree that’s not alive. in this case, this tree is actually alive. it’sknown as the ice cream bean tree or inca bean tree. this is quite unique cultivore, youknow, most ice cream beans kinda just look like a standard bean pod. you know, the onesthat he’s grown here are quite unique – check

it out. this ice cream bean pod is like 3feet long, and this will do some damage. and, you know, it’s kinda like, you know, conicalor circular or whatever, i don’t know, whatever that shape is. and what we’re gonna do toopen this is just we’re gonna take it and twist. and when we do that what we’re gonnareveal on the inside, very carefully, is oh man this stuff looks really good – lookat that. inside here we’re gonna see these little fruit pods or little seeds and aroundeach seed is this white, fluffy, cotton candy- like material, like that. and this is thestuff we wanna eat. kinda tastes like cotton candy ice cream. little bit moist. not a wholelot of flavor, but actually quite sweet, quite delicious. i think this like tubular ice creambean stuff’s one of my new favorites. now

with all the different fruits to eat here,you’re gonna save the seed so look, this one’s actually sprouting. and we’re gonnago ahead and distribute out these seeds in just a minute to plant more trees. and thisis something i believe everybody should do with all their fruit seeds.so another thing chris likes to do with seeds, i mean, immature fruits or fruits that he’snot gonna eat is save the seeds and harvest them and regrow them. and so one of the wayshe likes to do this in some instances is just literally take the seeds, and we’ve gothere some ice cream bean seeds. so the ice cream bean is like a pod that you open upand then on the inside there’s this fluffy, white cotton candy like ice cream containingfruit that’s super good and it’s surrounded

by a seed. so then what happens is you takethe seeds out and then he wants to re-plant these, he just takes this and throws it outinto the margins. and, you know, this is a place where the tractors not gonna hit that’smowing. and maybe one day these will turn into some ice cream bean trees which are absolutelydelicious. this is just yet another way you can reuse and plant your seeds. and i wannaencourage all you guys of a fruit, seeds of any kinda fruit, always try to replant yourseeds, you know, whenever possible. obviously it’s the best to do it on your land becauseit’s legal but, you know, if you were to do it say on public property or parks or otherlands, you know, that might not be legal so you might wanna check your local laws whereyou live.

alright, so now we’re in chris’ vegetablegarden. you know, separate from his food forest he also has a standard vegetable garden. buthe’s doing it differently than any other vegetable garden i’ve seen. i mean, hisgardening style is unique, unto himself although he uses many permaculture principles and differenttechniques, you know. everybody’s garden is gonna reflect them, their personality andalso, you know, what they think is best. and one of the things that’s really importantto him is water conservation and also minimizing the amount of work he’s doing. so one ofthe way’s he’s gardening is this way. it’s actually just like flood irrigation.what he’s done is he’s actually dug these like little ditches all along his raised beds,that’s really cool. and what he does is

basically just waters the ditches, fills themup, and the water just soaks in. and as the water is sitting there, it actually capillatesout through the soil and feeds all the plants in the soil. you guys can see this water’sbeen sitting here for, i don’t know, maybe an hour or two while i’ve been making myvideos, and it’s soaking up into the ground to water the new seedlings that are planted.i think he’s got some different kinds of greens including cucumbers and what not inall these beds, and some lettuce. and you can see over there man, i mean, the water’scapillated like a foot up. that’s completely amazing that he’s able to save water, andbasically all this whole garden is on a gravity set up. so he has to water one spot and thenit goes through different channels and filters

into different channels and it waters everythingvery simply, easily and more importantly, efficiently. and, i mean, if you go to someforeign countries this is how they garden back in the olden days, but we’ve forgottenall this because now we have drip irrigation tubes and pipes and all this kinds of stuff.but chris likes to kinda live it more like natural, you know, more like, like, like withoutany kind of major inputs. you know, he doesn’t use like bag organic fertilizer, he actuallyhasn’t brought in any nutrients off the, off the farm, you know, from a store. he simplyuses, you know, fertility that’s created on the property, as well as bringing in otherlocal free resources, such as manure, which is, you know, how he fertilizes much of hisgarden here. now i wanna let you guys know

there are all different kinda ways to growa garden. you could use manure, you could use rock dust, you could actually buy, youknow, chemical fertilizers which i don’t recommend, or synthetic fertilizers whichi don’t recommend, you could use organic bag fertilizers. there’s a whole spectrumand i wanna always wanna encourage you guys to grow in a more biologic way, you know,in accordance with nature than against it, you know. and, you know, i wanna encourageyou guys to grow the highest quality food with the most nutrients in there, if yourbudget allows and you can bring in additional inputs. i think it’s quite valuable, althoughi also respect chris on how he’s growing here very successfully without bringing inany products. and that’s the conundrum right

– there’s no right and wrong. chris’way is right; john’s way where we have to buy stuff is wrong, right. nobody’s rightor wrong, right. i wanna make it so that any way you wanna garden whether you just wannause the resources you got and do the best you can, great, if you have resource to spendon extra soil nutrients, you can bring those in and have higher quality food based on whati’ve seen and my experience, that’s great too. and i just wanna give you guys all thesedifferent options, you know, to allow to pick the way that you would like to grow, you know,and what you need based on your specific needs. you know, my needs are to have the highestquality food because i know that the highest quality food that i put in my body is gonnamean that i’m gonna be a higher quality

person and have higher quality nutrition andhave a higher quality immune system, you know, to fend off diseases and all this kind ofstuff so that i don’t get sick. but yeah, definitely what chris is doing here, amazingusing some of these ancient old-school technologies in the modern day.alright, so what you’re looking at behind me here is just another area of his garden.he’s growing the standard, you know, corn; got some heirloom varieties of corn. he’sgrowing some beans and he’s also got some squash growing below it and i think also seededrandomly with some chiya seeds. and once again, he’s using the flood irrigation which lookslike it’s working pretty good on the corn, and everything’s growing quite well. and,you know, i wanna encourage you guys, i mean,

chris is growing non-gmo crops. i wanna encourageyou guys to grow non-gmo crops and get some good, certified seed that you know is non-gmoand more importantly doesn’t have any gmo contamination in there. you know, we gottatry to keep the seed varieties pure and we’re not gonna get that done by leaving it up tothe big corporations. each of us have to take a responsibility to grow and save our ownseeds out and share it with one another to keep some of this genetic diversity alive.and, i mean, that’s one of the things chris really strives to do here is grow a wide varietyof like unusual and rare crops that he can then save and pass on the seeds. like i gotsome special, cool, cold weather cucumber slash zucchini relative that i’ve neverheard of before, but i’m gonna get to grow

out and see how it grows in las vegas that,i mean, i’ve never seen in any seed catalog. so i mean, this is the kinda work that hedoes here and this is why it’s so important and so valuable. i mean, every time i comehere i learn about new varieties and species of plants that i was not aware of, i get totaste new varieties, species of vegetables as well as fruits, as well as just have agood time. so anyways, let’s go ahead and continue on our tour and share with you guysa new and really unique crop that i know you guys have never heard of because i hadn’tuntil today either. alright, so this next plant that i’m gonnashare with you guys is, i’m sure there’s no other videos on youtube about this, it’scalled sechium tacaco, and i don’t even

know if there’s an english word for it,but basically, it’s a unique kerbit family plant that’s very similar to the chayotesquash. let me go ahead and bring a vine over for you guys. and this is what it looks like,right. i mean, this is very similar to the chayote and supposed it’s like potentiallymore cold tolerant. you could actually harvest the little tips and eat them like chayotesquash. in addition, it makes these like little funny looking fruits there, and the fruitsbefore they get these little like bumpy spines on the tops, it’s kinda like reminds yousimilar of atchacha that i’ve grown. you can actually just harvest these little babyfruits, immature ones, and you can just eat these when they’re in their raw state. let’ssee man. it kinda tastes little bit like cucumber,

but has like a little bit of astringent bite.when they get much more mature than this you probably will not wanna eat them raw. they’renormally cooked though. it’s quite good, quite delicious. and it’s a new one on me,i wanna try to maybe experiment with growing these guys to check out the cold toleranceof it. although overall, i think i prefer the chutney squash because this is like havinglike a weird astringent flavor in mouth happening on. but yeah nonetheless, it’s cool i wasable to introduce with you guys as well as learn myself a new crop that’s edible andthat you may be able to grow in the tropics. so now we’re looking at the area of thegarden that’s pretty much the standard garden. and once again it has all the troughs forthe flood irrigation. so all the water has

channels and just kinda moved its way throughthe garden so that everything just gets watered. and he has a variety of different vegetablecrops growing in here that may not necessarily work too well in a food forest type systemthat has more wildish, perennial crops. these are more annual crops that, you know, franklydo need to get a little more sun to produce nice, large leaves and all that kind of stuff.so he’s got, you know, standard things such as, you know, bok choi and dennis kale andlettuce and he’s got some, you know, bolting solantro. but the other cool thing he’sdone is actually because, you know, he’s gonna use this as a vegetable garden now,but in between he’s planting like, you know, food crops. so fruiting crops that’s just,bananas and papayas like every so often that

will end up growing up and crowding out thisspace. and then he’ll move the vegetable garden to another space, and actually that’swhat he’s done in his own food forest you guys saw earlier. like maybe a year or twoago when i was here, he actually had a vegetable garden that’s now been all overgrown andoutcompeted with fruit trees, you know, which is the final goal, you know, for chris there.now i always wanna encourage you guys to grow in a variety of different ways, you know,so you could have more diversity in your diet. i guess one of the things i wanna share withyou guys is how well chris’ gardening or growing style works. i mean, he’s growingall kinds of different crops like you can see some nice huge beets, but i wanna go aheadand dig a carrot for you guys to show you

guys how big the carrots are, you know, withhim using minimal inputs on the lands here. so now i wanna go ahead and pull a carrotfor you guys from his garden. but before i do, i wanna share with you guys this plantright here. this is a small papaya plant that’s actually growing right amongst these vegetablesthat’s gonna get really tall, and the vegetables are gonna stay really small. and this varietyof papaya is actually known as an exotic variety of papaya – one of the sweetest varietiesthat i’ve tasted. had some friends, had one of my friends place over in maui thati made a video about it was a ten acre permaculture fruit forest that is actually amazing, sochris is also growing the same kind, one of the more superior varieties that is non-gmo.in addition he’s growing a really cool like,

you know, this is like split leaf papaya.he’s growing like a solid leaf papaya that i’ve never seen before that he actuallygot from australia. so that’ll be really interesting to see that one. but i actuallywant to just go ahead and pull a carrot for you guys. i mean, really chris is not reallyusing any external inputs, he’s using all inputs, you know, produced on the farm aswell as some ones that he’s gotten for free in the local area. you know, one of the thingsthat he also doesn’t like to do that i like to do, is he doesn’t like to cardboard sheetmulch due to all the paper and the stickers on the cardboard. so he’ll, you know, likedo manual weeding and there’s always a solution to any style of gardening. you guys couldchoose the style that you want to do and,

you know, if you do choose this chris stylethis is what happens man. you get nice, large, luscious, big, huge carrots with very minimalinputs. now this is also dependent on your current soil that you have, there’s probablya really rich soil here in hawaii – it’s all from volcanic base. and, you know, it’sobviously he worked it really well but a lot has to do with the nutrients already in thesoil. if you’re starting out with a nutrient depleted soil, you’re gonna have to bringin, you know, potentially more inputs than what your land can grow for you there to provideyourself some fertility. so i always wanna encourage you guys to be smart as a gardenerbecause, you know, the healthier crops are, the larger they’re gonna get, the more bug,pest and disease resistant they’ll gonna

be and the more nutritious they’re gonnabe for you. and hopefully that’s one of the reasons why you’re growing the garden,not just for the sheer joy of being out in the garden, picking carrots right out of thegarden, being able to eat it, eat your own lettuce out of the garden. i mean, everythingtaste better when you grew it and pick it yourself by far. that’s something that iwould agree with, as well as chris. so the next thing i wanna do is actually sit downwith chris and interview him about some of his secrets on his style of permaculture farmingthat he does, and how he’s been able to grow these large carrots with minimal inputs,as well as some of the more exotic and unique varieties that i just simply plain forgotthe name of. so yeah, let’s go head over

and speak with chris the farmer here.alright so now i’m with coconut chris and he’s the farmer that’s basically madeall this happen. so chris, thanks for having me out on your farm today man, appreciateit brother. thank you for coming, honored to be on your channel. awesome man, great.yeah, you’re a subscriber, you watch my videos sometimes right. yeah, when i havecomputer time, there’s still no electricity on the farm here and so yeah, when i havetime in town i’ll check out some of your videos. cool man, i wanna encourage you guys,you know, to get away from the computer! i mean, chris lives his life away from the computer,and yeah he’ll check the computer sometimes but, you know, our lives in my opinion aremeant to be living out doors right. i mean,

we’ve got this advent of houses and computersand artificial lighting, but it’s best to be out in nature and that’s what chris hasthe joy to do every single day of his life, to be out in nature. you know, walking amongsthis plants, tending to his plants, taking care of his garden and, you know, i want youguys to appreciate and enjoy that and do that if you’re not already. so chris, why doyou really enjoy working in your garden so much? i mean, i heard you earlier, i was filmingand he was just laughing in the background ‘cos he’s just a kid at heart and lovinghis plants like we all should. but we have this disconnect from nature instead of beingconnected like chris is. well, i feel free to do as i please and i like being outsideand active, and it’s pretty safe, safe hobby,

sport. but i also enjoy eating fresh fruitsand vegetables, occasional nuts and seeds, and that’s what keeps me feeling, feelingthe best. feel really healthy eating fresh fruits and vegetables and i wanna encouragethe people that live around here, make it easier for them, they’re busy working jobsand it’s kinda like a full time thing to grow a garden. you know, and so if you’regonna just try doing that for a while and it’s been happening, you know, for kindagotta be there all the time and protect it from the wild pigs and horses and cows andturkeys and different critters that run around. and so, yeah. awesome, yeah man, i wanna encourageyou guys out there, you know, to eat a lot of fruits and vegetables in your diets. youknow, that’s why i grow my garden, that’s

why i have friends like chris who’s growinghis own stuff so when i come visit, i’ll be eating some good stuff too right. superimportant to eat your fruits and vegetables and it’s quite unfortunate that most americansneglect eating fruits and vegetables, and especially the ones we are eating are unfortunatelysub-standard or poor quality, the ones you’re getting from the grocery store. even the oneslabelled, you know, organic. you know, it’s always better to grow your own ‘cos it alwaystastes better and more times than not, it’s more nutritious. so chris, so why did youwanna embark on this big project to grow all this food for the community as well as yourself?well, it seemed like the right thing to do. yeah, and i’ve always loved growing plantsand picking fruits and vegetables as a child

growing up. so lots of good memories of thatand i also, you know, heard from a child, you know like, went to church a little bitwhen i was a kid and the bible, it says to plant your fruit trees alongside tributaries,like streams. so this property, like many properties, have streams flowing through themand that brings down, you know, nutrients from the forest above and that’s like thebest fertilizer for growing food, you know. so i’ve been planting food along the streamand incorporating the patterns i’ve learned from nature in the flatter areas on the ridges,and just kinda creating streams with the water flowing it through, and it’s a lot of fun.it looks really cool too. i mean you guys saw some of the different, you know, patternshe had, you know, amazingly to get his plants

watered. so chris, i want you guys, i wantyou to share one of the top tips with my viewers out there on like how to have a successfulgarden and, you know, a permaculture food forest like you do. like, what’s one tipthat you would recommend for everybody out there? find the patterns in nature. everyweed is compost and mulch for something else. everything has a use. just learn what growswell in your neighborhood and maybe join community gardens, or volunteer on a farm in your areaand figure out what wild leaves and things will grow, and micro climates. and get excitedabout all the different things that do grow where you are because everywhere in the worldpretty much you can grow a wide variety of plants. in this location i’ve been at forthe past 13 years in this area, you can grow

a lot of different things just in walkingdistance, almost everything. well, he’s quite blessed here. so i don’t know, a tipwould be… that’s a tip, get to learn the patterns, you know, and learn nature and learnwhat grows well in your…to eat, to be eating it too yeah. ‘cos then it gets in your bloodand helps you see more clearly. yeah, i mean part of my gardener’s intuition is not ‘cosi’ve got green thumbs, i mean, i wasn’t born with green thumbs. i used to, you know,make many a plants not live too long, nowadays i do pretty good. i’m sure as does chris.but when you eat plants you’re more in touch, you know, whether you want them to just energeticallyor spiritually, it’s fruit. and i truly believe that we are one with the plants becauseit’s the plants and the fruits of the earth

that are truly feeding us, either directly,or unfortunately indirectly, you know, for many people. and i wanna encourage you guysto have fruits and vegetables feed you directly instead of feeding you indirectly. and yeahi mean, learning the patterns super important, you know i, nobody has ever shared that tipbefore, so thank you. you know, i try to get that across in my videos like the longer yougarden, the more you’ll see like oh, when i do this, it happens like this and it’ssuccessful, and when i do this, it doesn’t work so well. and you know, when this plantwas next to the stream or near a water source, oh my gosh, it produced so much. but whenit was further away and didn’t get enough water, it didn’t do so well, and vice versa.so, you know , the only way you’re gonna

learn patterns of nature is by getting outto nature, getting out in your garden, doing it and getting experience and getting yourhands dirty or at least keeping them clean. chris has got some more gardener hands thani do, he works harder and longer hours in the garden than i do. plus i’ve got likea special mixture of i use some sea salt, some sugar and some oil to make a nice scrubthat, you know, that ladies use to scrub their face, i use it to scrub my hands and it reallygets that dirt and grime out of all the funny places man. and my nails are kinda grummybut my skin’s pretty clean. but i‘ve been on vacation for a while. i need to get thatrecipe from you. alright chris so, tell me more about your fertility program becausei know, you know, one of the things you’re

really into is, you know, trying use the inputsof, you know, that’s produced on your farm and in the surrounding areas, you talked alittle about weeds are not a weed they’re, you know, food for other plants. and whatare, how are, how are you able to grow all these, these great fruits and vegetables andcrops and like the carrot that i showed you guys. and that’s a fairly large carrot.you know, without putting 10 10 10 miracle crap fertilizer even using like, you know,organic chicken pellets out of a bag and sprinkling those out on your garden right. without fertilizerright! is this possible? well, he’s doing it – how’d you do it? well i’ve donea lot of other things and i just like to do things the easy way. just wanna be simple,but fortunately there’s easy to get cow

patties in the area. free range cattle. andi can fill up feed bags, i get the all my helpers who go out and we shovel full of bagsquick and drive them up the hill or over from the other side of the fence there even. horsemanure too. and the barn down in the valley has sandy loam, you know, rock dust. and wescoop that up, and i’ll use some of that but mostly this last year i’ve been likefull time cow patty and wild horse collecting. you get some weed seeds and whatever, i cultivatethe land and mulch it with lemon grass and bedevere, whatever mulches we got, and itkeeps weeds from sprouting. and then to make sure like all the trace minerals, it’s allpretty much washing down. it’s floating in the top and into the ocean, so if i canget sea water when i’m down at the ocean

in 5 gallon buckets and i dilute it like 1to 15, 1 to 20 ratio just for delicate plants. my coconut trees, i’ll just pour a wholebucket of sea water on it. so certain plants can take certain ratios of it. yeah, i’vebeen also getting high quality, sun dried sea salt from the island here and i just throwit by the handful. i just sprinkle it around. i got about 5, 5 gallon bucketful’s thispast fall and i’ve spread almost all of it in this like 10 acre area. and mostly focusedaround certain plants, not everything. but the yeah, the vegetables just grow so healthyif i’m getting like little cabbage moth caterpillars, i’ll just, you know, throwsalt and cucumbers even, things that get stung by the bugs, protects, gives the plant animmune system. i’m not sure the whole science

but you can look it up on the internet, there’sa lot of information about sea water agriculture if you research it, and so i just, it’sreal easy. cool, i mean, yeah i mean, i definitely recommend like growing your trace mineralsand chris is doing that with a local source of the rock dust, you know, from the streams,as well as using, you know, the sea minerals from the ocean. and that’s what i recommendfor you guys, you know like, i don’t necessarily source it and get the sea water like he does.and you might wanna also be sure if you are using sea water, make sure you don’t getcontaminated sea water. he lives in an area where it’s really undeveloped and undisturbedby man and there’s not a lot of ships or like there’s no sewage going in the oceanhere. it’s really clean, but like, if you

were to go to like san francisco or somewhere,you know, and try to get ocean water like i don’t know about that. you might wannaget a real good sea product, you know like they got the sea cagree like sea 90 product,and there’s like different products, you know, that comes in concentrates in jugs wherethey get, you know, clean sea water. and i do have videos on that already, and of coursei have videos on the rock dust as well so those are two primary sources for him. andanother nutrient source for him is, you know, besides just all the weeds and things, hegets like tree trimmings and wood chips that he spreads on the property underneath treesto mulch with. and in addition, he also uses the manure. so, let’s talk about the manurefor a second, you know. now chris has a very

unique situation much like he can get un-contaminatedsea water, he gets un-contaminated manure which is very important. you know, i’m nota big fan or an advocate of using, you know, manure in the garden for the primary reasonthat most of it is contaminated. you know, if you go buy manure at home depot, you know,it has, it’s from a factory farm that’s been fed gmo corn and soy to the animals,and they’ve also been fed antibiotics and now all that stuff is in the poop that nowyou’re buying to put on your vegetables that then you will in turn end up eating,which is not a good thing. so you know, we’re here in pasture land, you know, there’sjust cows free roaming and horses free roaming, they’re eating the grass, you know, verylittle other feed stocks are being added so

they’re producing good, clean manure. andif you could get a good, clean manure source, yeah use it with moderation, you know, butstill chris does a lot of, you know, mulching and cutting down of weeds and composting hisown stuff to make plenty of, you know, fertility on site as well. so yeah, so in my style ofgardening where i don’t have access to some of the manures, like pure manures like chrisdoes and for most americans that can’t get this, i recommend, you know, maybe no manureor, you know, little manure approach. and that’s why i recommend a lot of the thingslike the rock dust powders and, you know, the earthworm castings so you could get awayfrom the manures, you know, that may be contaminated. so chris, i wanna share with my viewers somethingthat you’re growing special here that i’ve

never really seen before in my life, and it’sthese guys here. what are these guys here man, they look like some funky fruit? it’sa prehistoric variety of banana called fehei and there’s many shapes and varieties ofthese. i first collected these from some botanist friends living down in the valley and i’vebeen propagating them around. it’s an unusual banana that the fruits stand up in the airinstead of hanging down, and i just harvested about a 60 pound rack of fruit. and they haveto be very ripe to eat them. so like this one isn’t really black yet, it might bea little chalky, we’ll give it another day or so. but this one here you’ve seen howit’s changed color. it’s nice and black. look at the inside. oh my god, look at that!i wanna show you guys this, look at that,

like a little push up, look at that! man,that’s like fluorescent yellow, that’s insane! so tell us, this is a prehistoricbanana! i’m eating a banana that would have been eaten by the dinosaurs in the prehistorictime! that’s when i read up on them, yeah. and you can, you know, look them up and it’si’ve been spending most of my time just growing them than reading about them, buti did do a little research on it and yeah, it’s one of the oldest types of bananas.the, when you cut the trunk, the sap comes out and it’s actually purple like blood.wow! that’s the color, natural color and dye and you actually when you eat these you’llsee your urine changes to this color. so it’s hard to describe the flavor of a perfect,ripe fehei banana. i was hoping maybe you

could help me describe it. alright well, letme see. wow! i mean like, this is like a true heirloom banana. i mean, it’s not even likeheirloom because it’s prehistoric. this is like wild like wild style, wild kind bananaand we really need to get back to some of these undomesticated, un-hybridized fruitsin my opinion because these are the fruits like, at some point they bred all those nice,yellow, rich, anti-oxidant pigments out of this fruit. and i’m so glad to be eatingthis stuff. and it tastes like no other banana that i’ve ever tasted in my life like, lookat that! it’s almost like the banana’s sweet potato like. it’s like really richand creamy, it’s like if you had banana pudding and then you have like a nice bananaflavor with like floral overtones. wow! i

mean, these are some of the things that chrisgrows like heirlooms, unique, rare varieties. how many, how many different kinds of bananasare you growing right now chris? i’ve grown about 50 types in the area, but there’sabout 20, 25 that i really love. plantains and dwarf variety bananas. but i’m surethere’s about 25 types just in this little garden plot here. well i mean you guys sawsome of them. but really, they looked really great. alright yeah, these fehei bananas yougotta look them up and try to grow these guys if you live in the tropics somewhere. they’resimply amazing. oh wow, look at that one. so that one’s probably like not quite asripe as this one so it’s gonna be a little bit chalky and totally… it got damaged too,the bottom might be a little overripe. sometimes

you gotta be careful before you eat it. ohyeah, yeah it’s all organic here so, you know, there might be bugs crawling in thereso you know, i always encourage you guys to inspect your produce before you eat it. iwanna see this under a black light. oh yeah, that would be a trip man. the fluorescent,wait i know, you could smear this on you and then go into one of those parties like raveswhere they have the black light, and you could have edible body paint. edible body paint,yeah! i want my girlfriend to lick this off me. alright, so chris any last words you’dlike to share with my viewers today about, you know, your farm and how you’re growingor any words to the wise for growers out there that want to be able to, you know, be moreefficient at doing what they’re doing and

create for themselves what you’ve created,you know, for yourself as well as the community here? yeah, maybe some just learn all aboutwhat’s native to your area and what how people use those native plants to improvetheir livelihoods. and then figure out what is, you know, from all over the world thatyou can grow and very deliciousand edible, and see what people are growing. like maybejoin the rare fruit grower club and go to pot lucks and meet other people that gardenand join a community garden if you don’t have a whole lot of space of your own, orjust go see what people are growing. go to botanical gardens and just get around like-mindedpeople that are doing this kinda thing to see and make observations. and do researchand watch more of your videos. thanks. and

maybe, you know, volunteer on a farm and gethands on experience, you know, with farmers. cool, so i know, speaking of volunteers iknow you get interns that are, you know, serious about learning how to grow in the way thatyou do and learn that there is a commitment involved. it’s not just like oh, volunteeringfor a day, you want, you know, more of a long term commitment. how can somebody contactyou if they’re maybe interested in learning more about this opportunity to learn fromchris the master permaculturist himself? really, okay, thanks. well yeah i was on the wwoof-erplatform for a while but it just i don’t have electricity here and ,you know, i’venever even owned a computer. it’s kind of challenging and distracting, you know, buti’d like if people were really wanting to

eat from the land, you know, and maybe evenhad some experience already growing plants and picking food maybe they could just emailme and talk story and maybe they would wanna come out and stay for a while – camp orbe in a cabin, participate in all of our accomplishments. it’s a great neighbourhood to be in andso feel free to write me. the email is chriscoconut@gmail.com. it’s c-h-r-i-s and coconut at gmail. alrightcool, thanks chris. yeah, reach out to chris if you’re sincerely interested and havesome experience and already on a plant-based diet and would love picking and eating someof the best foods that i’ve tasted here on big island and definitely more varietiesthan i’ve seen anywhere. with some unique and exotic things that literally nobody elseis growing so that’s really cool. chris

is an awesome guy and i love every visit thati come out to visit him so thanks chris for having me out today man, brother. thank youfor coming out. appreciate it and i hope you guys enjoyed this video and you’re gonnahope you enjoyed the video ‘cos he’s been listening to me while filming, but he doesn’tknow what’s in it. but hope you guys enjoyed this video. if you enjoyed it, hey pleasegive me a thumbs up, let me know. i’ll try to make it out to chris’ next time and,you know, i covered one tenth of 1 percent of what he has growing on here. there’sno way i could cover everything in the video that’s already too long that people arecomplaining about already. but we can come back and show you other stuff about otherthings that you guys are interested in and

every time i always learn something new, andhopefully you guys did too. also be sure to check my past episodes. i’ve done over a1,050 episodes now on all aspects of gardening and be sure to subscribe to my videos if you’renot already because i put out new videos every couple days to, you know, teach you guys moreabout different kinds of gardening. growing nutrient dense foods, growing foods at home,eating the foods that you grow so that you can be healthier because of it and in turnmake the world a healthier place one person at a time. so once again my name is john kohlerwith growingyourgreens.com. we’ll see you next time, until then remember, keep on growing.

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- there were a lot of foodsthat i was really excited to eat when i came toistanbul, but this one dish which is called kokorecis one of the things i cannot wait to try andi'm gonna try it right now. (upbeat music) good morning, everyone, it's mark wiens with migrationology.comin istanbul, turkey. walking through taksim square now and we are on our way to go eat breakfast.

(chill music) walking through istikalstreet at 7:45 in the morning, it is nice and quiet. we came to this restaurantwhich is just off istikal street and theyare famous especially for serving menemen whichis a type of egg dish. it's chicken with eggs.- thank you. - thank you. i ordered a dish calledmenemen which is turkish

scrambled eggs and i got the one with turkish sausage as well. it looks beautiful, it cameto our table sizzling hot, just boiling over. there are peppers and tomatoesand the sausage in here. before i dig in thebread, i just gotta go in with my fork. wow, look at that texture. it's almost like gravy in texture.

that really smells like chorizo and eggs. oh that turkish sausage. i have a feeling thisis just gonna be like a sponge of fire so i'mgonna let it cool down for a little bit. mm-hm, oh wow. that's awesome. yeah, it's like, it's only halfcooked, just lightly cooked so it remains really,really moist and juicy.

and then that turkishsausage is brilliant. a little bit spicy and then the texture of that egg is unbelievable. let me follow that witha little bit of tea. hot tea and then let me try my next bite with some bread. whoa, that's some pretty solid bread. and then you take piecesof bread, break off a piece and i'm gonna go with kindof a scoop and mop method.

oh yeah, you need to get aclose up of this texture. just come to look at that,it's almost like cottage cheese in texture. that is awesome and i don'tthink there's any cheese. at first i thought there was cheese but i don't thinkthere's any cheese in it. got a little salad herewith tomatoes and chilies and maybe that's olive oil. oh.

yeah, this is very light. i think olive oil and maybejust a little squeeze of lemon. and then this one is anothervery common turkish breakfast kind of spread. i think it is theclotted cream with honey. you take a little bit of this. i think with some honey,clotted cream and honey. wow. that's like rich andcreamy and honey sweet.

i think that is cream but ithas a butter texture to it. i also got some olives andi think this is cheese. let me taste an olive. oh yeah. it's like a little bitof a withered olive, it's almost like a raisin olive. i think i'll go in with an olive as well all in one bite. take out the pit.

it's quite a salty cheeseand then it's very soft and spreadable and then thatcombination with the olive makes it taste really good. mmm. this is like a completely new style of egg that i've ever had. that was an amazing way to start the day. that turkish sausagejust flavored the entire scrambled eggs and i love that texture

of the scrambled eggs. when we came in here itwas a little bit quiet, now it's packed. it is still a nice quietmorning in istanbul. we are walking down thehill towards galata kulesi which is the galata tower. it cost 25 lira for entrance to the top and we are getting into the elevator now to go to the top for the view.

it was built in 1348 in amedieval roman-esque style and at the time that it was built, it was the tallest building in istanbul. what you do is you just takean elevator to the top here and then walk to the top andyou can get a full 360 view of the city. what's really great about this place is just it gives you a senseof the magnitude of istanbul. you can hear the birds,you can really sense

the contrast of theancient city to the modern. you have amazing views ofthe bosphorus sparkling in the sunshine, the boats. over in the distance, across this way, you can see the ayasofyaand the blue mosque. just some incredible views from here and what i like about itis you have a 360 view, you can walk all the way around. i'm glad we went to thetower right as they opened

because it was really quiet. i can imagine that if it's really busy, it will take away from theambiance and the amazing views. you'll probably be rushed up there. by going right as they open,that was a fantastic idea. i enjoyed those views. they also have a restaurant at the top but it's pretty overpriced. so we are now headingdown to the water's edge.

we had some great views ofthe bridge from the tower and now we are walkingacross the galata bridge. this is an inlet ofwater from the bosphorus. the bosphorus is over thatside, but this is called the halic which in englishis sometimes referred to as the golden horn becauseof the way it's shaped. it's another major waterway in istanbul. it connects the old partof istanbul with the part of istanbul that we're staying in.

we are walking across it by foot. the water is such a deep blue color. along this bridge, it's especiallya favorite fishing spot. walking across this bridge,you can smell the aroma of the sea breeze, you cansmell a little bit of fish in the air. it makes me just wanna hangout and go fishing all day long and then eat the fish. then over there on thetop of the hill there,

that is the galata towerwhere we just were. sit right there, no? finished walking across thebridge and there is a treat at the end. there are some well known boatsthat serve a fish sandwich which is called balik ekmek. i think it is mackerel which is grilled and they grill it on the boat. but then they have littleseating areas on the solid ground

so you're not rocking while you're eating, but i just ordered one sandwichand as soon as you order, they grab a piece of thepre-cooked fish filet and they stick it into a big bread loaf and then add in some lettuce and onions and along with the fishsandwich, what's really great about this place is the ambiance. you have a great view on both sides. you're sitting on the water'sedge and this is an amazing

part of istanbul. i see the attraction in that. that's really good fish. it's buttery, a littlebit oily and mackerel is one of my favorite fish. yeah, i'm pretty sure that's mackerel. got some lemon juice,some bottled lemon juice. sprinkle some of this on,a good dose of lemon juice and i think i'll sprinkleon a little bit of salt.

that is not open, or maybe it's stuck. okay, i think that should be good. it's a very simple sandwichbut i do love the fish. the grilled fish was good. grilled fish is one of my favorite things. i think it would've beenimproved had they given me a fresh wedge of lemonas opposed to the lemon in the bottle, but it was still good. i love this ambiance.

there are a number of boatsalong this stretch here. i think they pretty muchall serve the same things, so we just chose one. we crossed over the roadand we are now entering into the egyptian bazaarwhich is also known as the spice market. there are lots and lots of spices and nuts and dried fruit and allsorts of cheeses and olives and candies.

look at this amount of nuts. (exotic music) a microphone for audio. thank you. hello, sir.- hello. - [mark] can i have onekilo of cherries please? - cherries, 12. - [mark] 12, okay, one kilo please. - thank you.- yes.

- thank you.- thank you. i guess or maybe youshould not, i will though. apricot, apricot. i think this is an apricot. oh that's wonderful, sweet and juicy. ying really loves cherriesso we stopped to buy a kilo of cherries andnow we are sampling fruit at this store. (speaks foreign language)

we do not get cherries inthailand, that is a treat. it's juicy and just perfectly sweet. not too sweet but that's wonderful. nice to meet you. - hello, hello, welcome. - we were just walking around the outside of the market now andi've just come inside and again there is just abounty of colorful things. this is my kind of a market.

so many spices and aromas. you can smell coffee, you can smell cumin, you can smell turmeric, the chilies. maybe some incense inthe air and some perfume and the turkish delight. there's so many colorsand aromas in this market. nice to meet you.- you too man. - yes, still filming. we are just walking outof the egyptian bazaar now

but what i loved is thatnot only did they have so many different spicesbut there are so many different herbs and flowers,the different zaatars, the saffron, the roselle and many things i don't know the name of butthere's such an abundance of different flavorful ingredients. oh and the sumac, lots ofdifferent kinds of sumac and dried chilies as well. from the egyptian bazaar,we are walking up the hill

towards the suleymaniye camii. istanbul is a very hillycity and that means you exercise when you eat. i needed that little exercise. this is another one ofthe dominant mosques that you can see on istanbul's skyline. the entrance courtyardarea has a very similar feel to it as the sultanahmed camii, the blue mosque. again this is a huge open court yard.

what really stands outto me are the chandeliers are so interesting especiallythe one in the center. it is a giant circle whichhangs from the ceiling from the ceiling dome andjust these little light bulbs hanging off of it. it just looks like ancient and medieval. and also there's a niceview of the bosphorus and the golden horn from here. i can see over in thedistance the galata tower

where we visited thismorning as well as the bridge that we crossed and also wherewe ate the fish sandwich. that was well worththe visit at the mosque and now we are walking back down the hill on our way to go eat again. - hello.- hello. - oh, thank you. oh wow. there were a lot of foodsthat i was really excited

to eat when i came toistanbul but this one dish which is called kokorec. which is a combination of, ithink it's mostly intestines but maybe some other organs as well which are grilled overfire in a circular shape is one of the things i cannot wait to try and i'm gonna try it right now. it's kind of a street foodstall because everything is open air and all of thetables are out on the sidewalks

in kind of this littleneighborhood square. it's a busy place but at the same time it's kind of quiet andpeaceful and you can hide away underneath the foyer here to eat. a lot of people will order the sandwich where he chops up someof the meat and some of the intestines andsticks it into a loaf and eat it like a sandwich. but i had to go for the plate.

he very delicately andexpertly sliced it into pieces and just arranged it onto this plate. then he sprinkled on some zaatar i think and then also some chiliand actually while i was taking a video of himpreparing this plate, he gave me sample soi've already tasted it and it is amazing. you can see that is apure beautiful golden, almost red color on the outside.

then on the inside, itjust looks like wonderful, white gooey oily meat. - [ying] one, two, three. - on video, ying, what is your name? - hassan.- hassan, ok, mark. - mark.- mark. the owner chef, he has just come over and he told me to eat it rightnow while it's hot and fresh. so i better start eating before i,

i better stop explainingit and just eat it. oh, that is stunning. it has a wonderful kindof bitter taste to it. then it's like really crispyon the outside golden edge. but then really soft and youcan like feel the texture of the intestines on the inside layer. what's also really good is the combination of that really crispy, crunchy edge on the top.

then with the reallysoft, oily, kind of fatty down interiors. add one piece. and there. maybe i'll try this pickle next. ah, i think these are chilies. i think i'll add thatthere and then go for it. okay, i love that. that is amazing.

that bitter taste, thatchili, the herb taste of that zaatar, the crispy tolike creamy, fatty intestines. you've got a nice lamb flavor as well. that is like a mild pickled chili. have some more of thesepickled chilies to my plate, these are really good andthey complement the dish really well because of therefreshing pickled brine with the pretty, fattyintestines but they're so good. break a piece of that bread.

this is a nice bread as well. it almost has thatswiss cheese look to it. all those crunchy bits are just insane. grab a chili. one's sliding out. that's like just oily,buttery, bitter intestines and it's wonderful. that kokorec was fantastic, i loved it and also right here theyhave a little stall set up

where they are servingsomething called midye dolma which are mussels which arefilled with a combination of spices and rice andfilled back into the shell and then served like that. it's a very common streetfood here in istanbul. but as i've been walkingaround, i haven't really noticed many street food stalls selling it. so maybe it's not season, soi thought since they serve it right here, this is my opportunity.

i'd better taste it right now. that's a pretty good sized mussel there. pull it open. oh there comes from that side. oh, wait. when you open up this side. oh and i think the musselis maybe underneath here. then you give it a squeeze of lemon. i think the way you eatthis is you take off,

a little piece of the musselcame off on this side. you take the other side of the shell and you kind of loosen it up. then kind of scoop thewhole thing into your mouth in one bite. oh wow, that's awesome. the rice is really gooey. it has an amazing, i thinkit's cinnamon in there. kind of a sweet spice flavor.

that contrasts the sourness ofthe lemon, that's delicious, i need one more. there we go, i got themussel on the top there. squeeze on some lemon. that rice is like the texture of pudding and just that mild blendof spices, that lemon, and it just sort of melts into the mussel. that is marvelous. there's no better way to enda meal of roasted baby lamb

intestines than with a cup of tea. yeah, this is fantastic. that was a great meal andalso not only the kokorec was delicious but also those midye dolma. those were excellent. - together photo.- okay. - together, together, you two together. - very nice to meet you.- nice to meet. - nice to meet you.- nice to meet.

yes, migrationology. all food, youtube, on youtube. thank you very much. - thank you.- thank you, very nice. again not only was the food spectacular but the staff and the owner,they were so nice and friendly. highly recommend for kokorec in istanbul. you've gotta come check this place out. they will hook you up withsome incredible kokorec.

we are now walkingtowards the grand bazaar. we made it to the grand bazaarand not only is this one of istanbul's oldest covered markets, but it's one of the oldest covered markets in the entire world. dating back to 1455. i've only been walkingaround the market now for about 10 minutesbut literally everything that i have seen on thestreets around istanbul so far

are available at the grand bazaar. from carpets to clothesto silverware to utensils to glassware to everything in between. also there's food, there'sspices, there are all sorts of textiles and pillows andlots and lots of glassware. everything you can imaginethat is from turkey, you will find at the grand bazaar. what sets this marketapart from other markets or other bazaars is it'shoused within this ancient

structure which dates back to 1455. not only are there somany things for sale, and just a browsingparadise but you also have a piece of history. chai, please, yes.- two? - [mark] one, two, yes, please. - [mark and ying] thailand. - [man] thailand. - taiwan.- thailand, bangkok.

that's some nice strong tea. mm, that's good. we have been walking aroundthe grand bazaar for awhile and we are pretty worn outso we are catching an uber back to the hotel. gonna rest for a little whileand then go back out again for dinner. hello, is it uber? yes, okay, thank you.

we are waiting at thebus stop this evening. gonna try to take a bus to an area of town to eat dinner tonight. traffic is pretty heavy andour bus is pretty packed, but we are on our way now. it didn't take too long. we got off the bus, i thinkthis area's called ortakoy and we are going to go to arestaurant around this area. oh, this is the place right here, ying.

this restaurant specializes both in kebabs but the main reason i camehere was to eat lahmacun which is a flat doughwhich is topped with meat and it's a very famous turkish dish. i'm starting off with ayranwhich is a yogurt drink i think. mm, that is sour and salty. and very rich and buttery, that's good, that will go good with the tomato-y bread. also to start with i got akubbeh and this is a very

common kind of snack inparts of levant as well. i think it's bulgur wheatwith meat on the inside. i'm gonna squeeze a bunch of lemon on it. all right. that is one of the moredelicious version that i've had. it's packed with meat, you can taste lots of onions in there. mmm, that's delicious. - photo?- yes, photo and video.

this is the lahmacun which thisplace is really famous for. ying already had a piece, she enjoyed it. we got the spicy version sothere's chilies on there, i think there's some zaataras well or some kind of herb. it is fired in a burningoven and it's very thin. it's almost like cracker thin. i think what i see peopledo is first squeeze on some lemon. i'm gonna squeeze on a bunch of lemon.

then i think you're supposedto sort of roll it up, pick out the seed and eat it like a roll. oh, yeah. the bread is very thinand a little bit crispy but then a little bitchewy at the same time. you can taste that minced meat. you can taste the herb in there. when i ordered this dish, i had no idea it was going to be this big.

on the menu in the littlephoto, it looked like it was about half this size. this is giant and it'ssimilar to a calzone but then quite different as well. it's shaped like a boat or like a trough and just filled withmeat and i think tomatoes and maybe parsley in there and then baked in an oven as well. look at that, that's just like meat bread.

mmm, that bread isdefinitely a lot thicker than a lahmacun and it'smore of a chewy bread but then very, very crusty. that's just like pure meat and bread. but really good meat and bread. follow that with some ayran. that's a good combination. and then finally the last dish i ordered and i actually had noidea what i was ordering.

but this is their special kebab here. it almost looks like a chimichanga plate, but there's a kebab insideand that's wrapped in dough and then also baked. oh and there's cheese in here too. that is the winner right there. kebab, and cheese stuffedwithin a piece of dough. then roasted in that ovenand maybe with a little bit of a tomato sauce on topand some sesame seeds.

that is awesome. for my next piece of lahmacun,i'm gonna add a bunch of vegetables to it. stick this all into the middle. i think this is whatmost people are doing. and then i'm gonna go onwith some lemon again. that lemon is almost finished. let me grab the other lemon. this will be like a salad roll.

the lemon is the touch i love. and then again just wrap this all up. this is a very popular restaurant. they are getting a lot of takeaway orders as we are sitting here. a cracker, thin crust, salad roll. that was another great mealand all three of the things i ordered were much differentand i've had this problem since coming to turkeythat i've been kind of over

ordering i think becausemaybe i'm accustomed to asian food so much where,well especially in thailand where the portions are kind of small. so you order like five or sixdishes between ying and i. we always order five or six dishes. here, they are huge and iwas imagining that trough to be like only a quarter of the size. i could not finish all of that bread. had to get a takeawaybag and i'm gonna bring

that back to the hotel withus for breakfast tomorrow. a shout out to culinarybackstreets.com for this recommendation. that's where i found this place. this is a great place. i'm gonna end the video now. we're just gonna head back. thank you all very muchfor watching today's video. it's been an amazing food day actually.

we've eaten, i thinki've tried quite a few different dishes andwandered around istanbul. another fantastic day. please remember to subscribeif you're not already subscribed for lots morefood and travel videos. i will see you on the nextvideo, thank you for watching.

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good afternoon, and thank you for coming to the bssr lecture series. my name is mike spittle and i'm at obssr and it is my great pleasure to introduce you to dr. tom mcdade. briefly, dr. tom mcdade is a biological anthropologist that

conducts research on health and human development in relation to social. he received a b.a. at pomona college, and ph.d. at emery university and was a post doc ral fellow at unc chapel hill. his work focuses on three topics.

lsh life course perspective on immune function and the regulation of -- and the --. it is my great pleasure to be able to introduce you to him and his talk is called environments, inflammation, transgenerational perpetuation of disparities in health

thank you. thank you all. can you hear me? is this working? okay. please to be here. thanks very much for the invitation, and it's great to see some familiar faces and meet

some new ones that i've known over e-mail or the phone. what i'm going to try to do today is talk about really one of those threads of my work but they actually come together a bit in this project, and talk about a life course and what i'm moving towards as an

intergenerational perspective on inflammation and social determinants of health. so much of what we understand about human physiology, biology development and health is done with research on laboratory animals, animal models and clinical settings in the

university and other industrialized settings. as an anthropologist i'm interested in a broader perspective on human variations and how that matters. i hope you'll take home a comparative approach to understanding human biology is

generate insights into those basic pathophysiological processes that we're interested in. as an anthropologists it's one of my privileges to be able to go to some of the places and do things in interesting part of the world.

you're all familiar about this minor revolution and our understanding of health and our increasing emphasis in understanding of the early life origins of hale and adulthood. it's been almost 100 years that we've known from data coming out of the uk that environments in

infancy predict longevity, life expectancy, and obese risk in adulthood. over the past 20 years david barker coming out of england has most successful in promoting this as an important area of study. and this is more recently

captured public imagination with a couple ofkz more public pieces on this issue. the way the paradigm works, which i'm sure is familiar to most of you, you know, we used to think of health in adulthood as primarily a product of our

individual genetic endowment, our current environments and our lifestyles and perhaps their interaction, but now we're increasingly coming to appreciate the important role that environmental exposures early in life have in terms of programming key physiological

systems which have sdrekt direct implications for adulthood and moderate the effects of genes in the vast majority of this research has focused on early nutritional exposures and such, but we're moving beyond that quickly. related to that, we have a

long-standing tradition in the social and behavioral sciences in appreciating the impact of early environmental quality, early childhood environments on health, but also on cognitive function, on social function and emotional function. things that matter to social

attainments that we care about. folks like jim peckman, jack and others have been aggressively promoting a policy ajeb da based on this long-standing body of resarge, empathizing that investments early in life have greater impact, create greater returns than investments later

in life. these fields are converging and it's a very exciting time, i think, to be involved in life course and intergeneral research related to health and its social determinants. this is an area that i'm moving towards and if there's time at

the end i'll talk about two new projects i'm launching that are related to this. we can start to think about social environments and inequality or variation in those environment and how they impact health in that generation and the future generation and then

health endowments and achievements and developments that one generation can then have impact on social impact on that generation and following generations. i'm going move toward my interest in immune function and inflammation, but start by

talking about a relatively large body of research on the hygiene hypothesis which has shown both epidemiologically as well as mechanistically experimentally that individuals as adults are higher risk for allergy diseases that are related to the disregular lag of immune

processes and that individuals who have impoverished nutrition early in life and who have lower levels of microbial expotion mostly proxied by things whether you lived on a farm or have older siblings, these kinds of exposures actually protect you against these kinds of diseases.

the work is really focused on those types of atopic diseases and the question i'm going talk to you today is whether this may matter to inflammation and how we regulate that. ten years ago this would be a niche question, but right now we are currently obsessed with

inflammation i think both at researchers and in the public eye because inflammation seems to be the thing that's going to do us all in. it's related to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dementia, cancer, a number of large studies have shown this and

clinically it's starting to be evaluated as well. inflammation is something we need to be concerned about because 15 years ago our understanding of it was such that if you did not have an inflammatory system you would die because you need it to help

protect you from infection disease. there's been a change in our conceptualization of inflammation that's going to feature prominently in the story i'll tell today. what has led to this? some observations coming out of

cardiovascular epidemiology which has shown that if you measure a key bio marker of inflammation, if uh you measure it and detect it at levels that were considered undetectable but with new assays that are sensitive we can measure it, it provide additional predictive

risk for cardio vas you car disease than traditional measures. here you have your ratio cholesterol to hdl. as this goes down, your risk of heart attack goes down, but also your level of crp independently of your lipid level higher level

associated with higher risk. that's a key feature of this. in the population in demographic sciences infla maks has also gotten attention because a paper has have proposed that life expectancy is due to reductions in infection disease, morbidity which is in turn lowered burdens

of inflammation throughout an individual is's life course and what they call has led to the development of a cohort morbidity phenotype. if you reduce in childhood you reduce the overall lifetime burden of inflammation and therefore since inflammation is

contributor to cardio vasular vascular disease -- those data are not without some controversy. no means a done deal. nonetheless, it's an important part of our current understanding of inflammation. this is what i'm calling the

chronic low-grate flan mags x inflammation model.mod --ã§v with this is a study of cr bio veshlt. it's heavily cited -- these are a set of four individuals who are sampled at three or four day intervals over seven week period and the dots just connect their

values. so what you see, the individuals here at the bottom there's a little bit of noise but pretty consistently they're low and lower than these two individual at the top. if you just do one snapshot in time you'll be able to

differentiate these two. this measure should have some prognostic value. the assumption is that one individual measure of crp will identify and separate these individuals. that's an important part of the physiology of the system as well

as how we lose use it epidemiologically. in terms of physiology, here's how the model works. body fat is very important source of proinflammation cytokines. those enter general circulation and then they go the liver,

cells in the liver produce -- -- in turn promote the production of crp. crp enters general circulation and then it has these effects that all lead to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. these processes are independent

of other path physiological processes related to lipids and -- this is the model that underlies much of this research. what do these two have in common? from the look of him around the middle, um, probably has pretty high levels of crp.

visceral ata post tissue around the middle is most important -- he probably has elevated crp, should be increasing his risk for cardiovascular disease as well as other bad things. this is a horseshoe crab. been on the planet since the days of the dinosaurs, also has

very high concentrations of crp and that's because the immune system of the horseshoe crab depends on pattern recognition molecules as a first-line defense against infections. it does not have an elaborated, specific humeral and lymphocyte-driven system like

mammals do. c reactive protein was discovered in 1930 for its ability to bind to [indiscernible] region. it was first discovered as -- it plays an important role in all organisms that have it. this is what the model looks

like. it's not a chronic activation, it's a acute phase or a cutely responsive model where you have basically undetectible levels of c reactor protein. you get challenged with a bacterium, a virus, or an injury that has to be dealt with, and

levels of crp increase by three or four orders of magnitude within 24-48 hours after exposure. that provides a very rapid frontline of defense against the infection agent, and then as the infection starts to resolve and is more specific immune defenses

start to come online which can take four, five days to come on, the concentration of c reactive protein drop down to baseline. that's an acute phase model. then, again, in terms of mechanism and physiology, you have a pathogenic challenge, proinflammatory mediators like

il 6. these induce the liver to produce more crp. they also cross the blood brain barerier and ip deuce the symptoms we associate with inflammation like fever or tiredness. crp activates compliments,

promotes the activity of [indiscernible] cell which is can clear your body of these infection diseases and it tags them so they're recognized by the body of being foreign and helps us clear our body of things like this. that's the acute phase model.

we have this situation where we have a physiological system that is responsive to two domains of stimuli. one being pathogens and the other being body fat, and they share a common physiological pathways we related to cytokines which lead to the activation of

innate immune pathways as well as perhaps increasing risk for cardiovascular disease. now the problem is, we only study the system in people like this, right? so we were looking at this pathway, but the way the system functions, the way it has

evolved t way it functions in other mammals and vertebras involves primarily these kinds of" in studying this system onlyinn> relatively privileged affluent post epidemiological transition settings withover nutrition and low levels of artificial disease

we constrain the range of environmental variation which may be critical in understanding this system in a more comprehensive way. for that reason, i've been looking at inflammation and its core lets in bow li yeah, philippines and ecuador as well

as the united states, and i'm going to be talking about two study we've been doing one in philippines and one in ecuador. this survey began in the early 80s. initially started as an investigation of ma terrible and child health and the predictors

of child survival and breast feeding and growth in low-income developing world settings like the philippines. it did that very well, was an important study in demonstrating the health benefits of breast feeding at a time when formula use was on the rise arngsd then

the study ended. it was designed to -- it began with a recruitment of more than three thousand women from 30 randomly-selected neighborhoods around sabu city which was the second largest metropolitan area in the philippines. every woman in this who was

pregnant during a fixed window of enrollment was asked to participate and over 95% of them did sign up. they were interviewed, measurements were taken of them and their homes and their neighborhoods and then at the delivery of their baby, they

were weighed and then every two months for the first two years of their offspring's were visited in the home, baby was a bigged, length was measured, information collected on braets feeding, diet, how the mom was doing, levels of infection disease.

study was designed to end there, but st the study was done in collaborative with colleagues c touch withes, theand they kept. participants to see how the kids were doing. then here in 98 and 99 when the kids were 14 and 15 i was doing a post doc at unc chapel hill.

it was about the time that this idea that we needed to pay more attention to early environments as predictors of health and physiological functions of adulthood started to come online. we realized this dataset was the best in the world for looking at

these kinds of questions given the high resolution of prose protectively collected data we have in infancy. we did a little bit of work here, but, um, generated a bunch of projects to do a major follow-up at 2005 where we could find 1885 of the original

participants who were in their early 20s at the time. we did a full sex social demographic survey of them and we also collected blood and saliva samples. these are things we measured in those samples. i'll talk about those in a

moment. so this is what crp looks like in the philippines compared to ann haen's data. i'm showing you here is data from ann haens age and sex match. these are young adults in the united states and overall the

level of crp in filipino young adults is.2 or.3 milligrams per litter compared to.9 milligrams per litter the united states. consistently in the u.s. we see women tend to have higher than men, that's not so in the philippines. this seems counterintuitive to

us. here we have the philippines which has more infection the united states is in the -- infection disease still the number two source of mortality in the philippines, so there was a burden of infection that is higher than in the united

states. so if crp is involved in inflammation, maybe you might expect it to be higher but that was not the case. one obvious possibility based on what i've said before about the role of body fat in promoting the production of crp in

activating inflammation pathways is differences in body fat distribution. americans are heavier than fill pin knows. in 2005, the average waist sir kim frens was 70 compared to almost 89 centimeters in the united states.

maybe that explains the population difference. here we have that comparison based on weight sur circumfrance group. americans produce more crp than folks in the philippines do. there's something else going on here, and my$(d

whether early environmental factors might explain that this. there is another possibility and i always used to get this question and i'm happy to have an answer that genetic differences across the populations can not explain the differences in crp.

inflammation there are snps and alleles that matter to individual differences and inflammation. i have a colleague in unc chapel hill who does genetic complex diseases and became a collaborator on this project and in 2005 she used the dna camp v

sample and looks at -- these are diseases, genes that have been previously associated in the united states and in western europe with higher or lower levels of crp and we find a very similar pattern of association with n the philippines. we explain small amounts of

variance in crp, four or five percent and they're not dramatic population differences in the level of proand antiinflammation snps across the two settings. the genes matter but not to the story i'm telling you here today. all right.

so new early environments matter? so do early environments matter? so the model is that i'm going take you through sheer that we know as an adult your level of body fat, your level of pathogenic exposures, both these things matter to your

concentration of crp as well as behavioral things. might there be analogous exposures early in life in infancy that may program the system or have a direct effect in the system on some meaningful way? this is a model that's guiding

my selection of variabilities and in terms of timing when we're looking at these exposures, a priority there are very good reasons to think that the first year in particular but probably the first two years of life in infancy are critical periods of development of the

immune system. this figure shows you that. this is the point to take away. what the top figure is an e num rative representation of where aspect of the immune system are throughout the life course and this is a functional measure. i'll talk you through it.

on the x axis is age going from birth to 20 years. the y axis is percent of adult level. this is where you're at, at age 20. as an infant your number of t and b cells are two to three to four times higher despite the

fact that you only weigh ten pounds the absolute number of cells are higher. the size of the thymus is double in infancy than what it is for us in the room right now. the function of these cells, of the lymphocytes is up regulated. they're sensitive to activation

and that's what this is show you. if you xrooim prime these cells they will replicate and divide. there are aspects of the immune system of the specific immune system that are very active in infancy. this makes sense if you think

about what the immune system has to achieve. you're being born into an infection disease ecology that you can never anticipate because microorganisms evolve so quickly on the order of days or perhaps weeks or humans evolved across generations that are 15-30 years

long. we can't compete on that level. we have to learn through a series of very cool processes that sort of embody darwinian processes within our own bodies, we have to learn about our infection disease ecology and that's what's going on in

that's why these processes are up regulated. this points to infancy as a critical period of education of the immune system where environments may have disappropriational long-term ip pact. that's the part where i'm

looking in infancy. also i have data for the first two years, so that's the important part of why i'm doing that. this is what we have in terms of operationalizing and testing some of these pie pot cease. from this study we have measures

of birth weights measured, length or weights, whether the gestational age and whether the baby was delivered preterm or not. socio economic status for people. we have weight gain and length gain of the infant, duration and

pattern of breast feeding. multiple levels of cleanliness and sanitation and self-recorded or mom-reported symptoms of infection dmz the infant. comparable measures in adulthood that prior research in the u.s. and matter to inflammation that we

can control for. some of these may be on the causal pathway but the results don't change whether we include these or not. this is what we found5 respect to birth waithd and crp in adulthood. individuals who were born with

larger birthweights have lower crp as young adults. i'm modelling here the probability of elevated crp. the results are the same if i present the actual crp concentrations. like if there's a question i can tell you why i decided to -- it

has to do with distribution but the results are essentially the same. as birth weight goes up, probability of high cr p p goes down. this is important because there are lots of studies that have shown that birth weight is

associated with cardiovascular risk in adulthood. this suggests that inflammation could be a mechanism through that which that -- this cannot explain the population differences in crp across the u.s. and philippines. filipinos in general give birth

to lower birth weight babies. so if anything she should have higher concentrations of crp compared to americans this is not part of the bigger story that i'm trying to tell you here. although i think it is important.

ri yeah morbidity in infancy is an important predictor of crp. this is, i think, more interesting, and what i'm showing you here is that this is the number of intervals, the interviewer went into the mom's home and asked the mom over the preveeding seven days has your

baby experienced symptoms of diarrhea infection. this is the number of intervals in infancy during which the mom said yes. it's not a complete census of diarrhea morbidity in infancy but it's highly correlated with babies who had higher levels of

diary yeah in infancy have lower level of crp as an adult. interviewers went into these homes and observed the homes. one of the things they looked for was whether babies were at a stage of crawling and whether animal fee is is was present on the home.

many of these homes were open. this is a tropical environment. pigs, fowl, dogs were aloud to roam freely in and out of the home. it was not unlikely that babies would come in contact with animal fee is i fi is is. the number of times the

interviewer came into the home and saw that this situation was happening. a higher frequency of contact with fee call material, lower crp as an adult. also a higher seasonal environment with a rainy season and dry season.

that seasonality is also associated with seasonality infection disease burden. a lot of the early work on this study was associated with seasonality and trans and infection diarrhea and how breast feeding can buffer infants from that situation.

infant born in the dry season actually experience more infection diseases in their first year of life because the alive for more of the non-dry season, right. little counterintuitive. kids born in the dry season if you look at how that associated

with infection disease exposure, they have more and they also have lower crp as an adult. so we have three measures of microbial exposure in infancy. each on its own i wouldn't put too much stock it but each have different levels and strengths to them as measurement

constructs and they suggest that lower levels of microbial exposure associated with higher crp and that's independent of prenatal undernutrition or lower birth weight. the mechanisms are not known. this is something that we're starting to look at and i'll

talk about in a moment, but one possibility is that there's higher level of proinflammatory signaling, il 6 in particular. il 10 disrupts il 6. there also could be changes in the phenotypes of t cells in particular like p regulatory cells that produce a loot of

anti-inflammatory action. so mek nisically we don't know exactly what's going on, if there's any immunologists or molecular biologists in the audience, maybe you have ideas. conceptually, this is what i think is going on. in a high pathogen environment,

you can imagine these red arrows as kroeb y'all challenges and exposure in infancy during this critical period of immune development, and so you get a challenge, the system becomes activated and then it turns itself off, and you do that over and over and over again.

so you have lots of opportunities, lots of educational opportunities for your system to.com in response to the local infection disease ecology. to the extent this is a sensitive period phenomenon, those pathways carry forward

into adulthood and then when you're exposed to a proinflammatory stressor in adulthood, you nount a quick and efficient response that then becomes shutdown when the infection has resolved or the issue is resolved. so it's a very efficient on and

off kind of dynamic. if you're in a more sanitary high gee nick low pathogen environment, you have far fewer opportunities for this kind of educational process to unfold and then perhaps as an adult lacking those while educated regulatory pathways when there's

an inflammatory stimulus t system activates, becomes overactivated or becomes slow tore turn itself off or kind of meanders is is not very acutely regulated, it's sort of always on at a chronic level. so was there any evidence for this?

this is my interpretation of why there may be lower cp in the philippines but do we have any evidence to support that? so one source of evidence is that in those 2005 blood samples we measured the crp in and i just told you about, we also measured il 6 and il 10 as proan

anti-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. the dots show you previously published values for populations all over the world but mostly in western europe and the united these are values from healthy adults. there's a ton of work using

clinical populations, so we graduate opportunity spent a lot of time mining the literature and finding studies that had healthy controls and we summarized that and the average il 6 concentration across these studies is 1.9 milligrams per litter and average il 10 is

3.17. in the philippines il 6 is lower and il 10 is higher. this is particularly interesting. this is quite a bit higher. there could be a different ambulance of protoanti-inflammatory cry toe

kind signalling in the philippines that may explain the type control in the lower levels of c reactive protein. that's my interpretation for this model. going forward, we wanted to do a study of crp bio variability in environment characterize bid

higher levels of infection we did this is ecuador last summer. this is the mod until the united states t chronic low-grade inflammation model i was telling you about. if you are born into a very sanitary environment, when then

we know at least correlationally as an adult you're a pattern of crp production like this with between variation and relatively stable with individual variation overtime. we have no idea what those dynamics look like in a preepi transition population thp.

there are two studies that have looked that in the united two studies of crp bio variability period both in the united states both with the same conclusion, but what does it look like in the ek dor yan amazon? we don't know.

it could be we get a pattern like this or this, or this pattern but everything is shifted up which is in fact what the cohort morbidity hypothesis would suggest. we wanted to figure that out. we designed a study and implemented it in ecuador.

i'm going to show you the results in a minute. this is from one of the studies of crp biovariability in the these are individuals on the x axis and their crp. this is overzl each dot represents a crp value for that individual.

each individual has multiple samples and this line represents three milligrams per litter. that's the commonly used cut point to identify rye hie risk crp concentration. you see there's separation here. there are individuals for whom crp is consistently above this

three milligram per litter threshold and a number of individual who is flirt with that line down here. there's a lot of again between individual variation and not as much within. so what do we see in low land ecuador.

the study we did with the shoar, they're in the amazon basin -- andes mountains run here, but the actual basin of south america begins on the east coast of these mountains. tropical rain forest, they live in a system of „irivers, veryfew roads, no running water, no

electricity and hyper infection they're horticultural list, little bit of hunting and fishing. high degree of child death due to infection diseases and the main source of illness are [indiscernible]. we did this study with 52

adults, 18-50 years of age. four weekly sampling intervals. we visited them every week to the day and we collected a dry blood spot sample. this is related to one of the major areas of my research which is the development of minimally invasive methods that allow us

to study human physiology in the amazon. we collect the sample by nicking the person's fing finger with the lan set and we put the blood on to this filter paper. the blood drys on the card and becomes preserved even at tropical temperatures.

we ship the samples back to the lab or punch them out and put in the buffer. we make whole blood again and then add them to an assay plate and do a sandwich [indiscernible] and then we generate a calibration curve and generate the concentration of

crp in each of these samples. this kind of data collection or sample collection approach allows us to gain access sesz to people in places like the ek ecuador amazon and get a sample every week. here's what we found. so again we have participant on

the x axis, crp concentration on the y. here's the three milligram per litter threshold and each diamond represents a value for that participant. participant over here on the right has values stacked up like this.

sorted by overall average across vimgs. does this look different to you? there are none of those, right? there are no individuals who consistently produce crp above in fact, only a third of the individual, 17 people, produced one crp value above this

threshold, and on the other weekly intervals they produced values that were very low, in most cases less than one milligram pearly litter. very different pattern of variation. there is no chronic low-grade mags in this setting.

there's another way to represent this is going across time. so week these are the 17 individuals for whom at least one sampling interval had an elevated crp. week two, there are about six individual who is have elevated crp, but the next week every

single one of those has a lue less than that high-risk threshold. if you were doing a cross sectional study and sampled at weekly two, you would say about a third of this population has high-risk crp, that matches to the u.s.

but you would misclassify every single one of those individuals by virtue of doing cross sectional study design. so to my mind that is actually pretty compelling evidence for a different set of regulatory dynamics that individuals in the ek dor yan amazon can produce

high crp but also very low crp. the united states it seems like people can produce high crp but a lot of people cannot produce that low value and those are the individuals who are probably at elevated risk for cardiovascular i trace that back to exposures early in life.

setting up the dynamics of this system. this does have some implications for how we understand inflammation as implications for other things we care about. maybe we shouldn't think about early environments mattering directly to inflammation in

adulthood but think about how early environments set up the dynamics of a system, how they set up how the system is regulate and the consequences of differential phenotypes, differential patterns of regulation matter in response to stressors in adulthood, and in

orange here, we have a set of proinflammatory stimuli that are well-established and in many cases of high interest to some of us. body fat, i talked about, produced about up regulated smoking is a stressor, vaccine is a very nice experimental par

time for activating an inflammatory response. infection activated inflammation, pregnancy is an inflammation event. there's a lot of interest in psychosocial stressor and their impact on inflammation. perhaps all these things are

moderate, their impact on the inflammation response and implications for disease may be moderated by how your body regulates inflammation in response to early environment. i'm going to show you some preliminary data that suggests that's the case.

going back to this original observation that in the united states we produce more crp than filipinos do per unit of body fat. it could be that in the philippines based on higher levels of exposure to microbes there are more robust set of

antiinflammation -- everybody though body fat is a proinflammatory input your body is better able to keep that stimulation in check. perhaps that's why we have lower crp there etch at the same level odd body fat. in ecuador, we find the same

thing. smaller sample here. only 50 people total to 10-15 people in each of these cells and again at every level of weight circumference we have lower levels of crp in ecuador than the united states. what about stress?

so i've done some work on stress and inflammation and published a paper with john and colleagues r– adults in chicago. of olderv we found stress [indiscernible] higher crp among older adults controlling for everything. so that's interesting.

there are some good reasons to understand how this may happen, which i can get into if there are questions. we also have a pss. weed a administered it to our filipino participants. putting aside the question about the -- i can still analyze the

association between variation and perceptions of stress and crp in the philippines and i've done that here. there is a positive association but it's very weak and it's not statistically significant. so that's interesting, but what if this other issue of early

environment moderating the impact of stressors in adulthood, how might that inform what we do here? i tried to test that explicitly. i did this last week so it's not fully fleshed out. i just took one of the variables they showed before, matter to

crp in adulthood and ran an interaction. so here we have perceived stress in interaction with season of birth predicting crp. if you were born not in the dry season -- this means you have lower levels of infection exposure in the first year of

infancy -- then you start to see a pattern of association that looks like chicago. higher stress, higher crp. if you were born in the dry season, higher level of microbial exposure in infancy, perhaps robust„iantiinflammation in place there's no association

and if anything it's negative. on their own neither of these lines are significant but the interaction is. there is is different pattern of association between these variables. they could trace this back to early environments.

pregnancy. pregnancy induces a lot of changes in a woman's immune system and how she regulates immune function. this is very important because the fetus is only 50% geneticallically related to her. there has to be suppression of

immune processes that would otherwise reject the fetus. changes in dynamics are part of this process. in 2005 when we collected our blood samples, there were about 80 women who were pregnant at the time of this survey and we collected blood from them but in

all the analysis i've showed you i've eliminated them from the sample because their crp rz up and their dynamics are different. it's a very interesting subset of women to look at. these are going feature in a grant

application to justify additional research. very preliminary and what i've done here is taken women and divided them just on medium split on whether they had high or low crp at the time of the blood collection and whether they had high or low il 10.

i'm featuring il 10 here because part of the story i'm developing is that il 10 is a very important aen inflammatory signal. it's like driving 100 miles per hour with your foot on the accelerator. if brakes are working you can

slow down and keep things in control. better than going 100 miles per hour down the highway with no brakes and no way to keep things in check. i'm going to show you a slide about cardiovascular disease in a minute that helps me justify

this approach. here's the distribution among women who are born into low microbe household. i took the variable i showed you before and did a median split. about a quarter have low crp. about a third have high crp and low il 10.

so i'm interpreting this as incontrolled inflammatory state. a third have high crp and high il 10. i'm interrupting this as a controlled inflammatory state. now, if we look at women who were born into homes 20 years ago with a higher level of

microbial expotion they're much more likely to be in this well so does this matter? i mean, this is interesting. one of the things that's cool about to this to me the s you're perturbing the system and the dynamics of the response is very does this have any health

consequences? the thing that got me thinking in this direction is the study of, um, cardiovascular disease. these were patient who is presented to hospital with a heart attack. their blood was drawn and they were followed for six months,

and the outcome is death or subsequent heart attack, and at baseline, individuals who had low il 10 and high crp had the worst outcomes, far and away the worst. one in five of them was dead. people had the best outcomes had high crp.

this is consistent with the idea that inflammation is good for you in certain circumstances. but they also had high il 10. the people who did best had inflammation but a controlled inflammatory state. so might this apply also to an important health youth come

outcome for adulthood in women and the birth weight of your baby? individuals in this well-controlled inflammatory state have an average birth wait weight that is more than a hundred grams higher than women in poorly controlled

inflammatory state or women with no active inflammatory activity, again suggesting that inflammation is doing sthieng good but you want to control it. enough to motivate us to pursue a more life course and even intergenerational approach to the study of inflammation, and

this is our working model, and, uh, this is the life course here, and we have an inflammatory phenotype which develops in infancy childhood into adulthood and a lot of interest how n how that matters to aging. inflammation is key in pregnancy

and it can be -- that sets up the next generation with respect to these processes as well. we can trace an individual's inflammatory phenotype back to her infancy and prenatal nutritional environment, post natal infection environment, and there's a lot of interesting

research on the role of psychosocial stressors in childhood that i didn't talk about mattering to the development of inflammation as well. i have broader interests in social disparities and inequalities.

these are all expo e sures that are partitions in different ways by socio economic processes. i think i'll probably end there. i have two study putting in motion that tests various aspects of this model. if there are questions on that i'd be happy to feature them but

i want to leave time for questions so maybe we should do [applause] >> [low audio]. >> almost all the deliveries were in the home or a local birth center. >> yeah, very view, very view c-sections but that i think is a

very interesting possible route. there's a lot of particularly with recent interest in microbuy yoems and cross generations. doing something like this in the united states would be very interest interesting [indiscernible]. yes.

>> mm-hmm. yeah. >> so i think there are two things there. one is there is a lot of research and interest in the united states, in particular on infection and the regulation of inflammation on gestation

predicting preterm delivery but also lower birth weight. in the united states lower birth weight is almost always associated with early birth. we don't have the data to address it. but with respected to level of prenatal and post natal exposure

that might matter to us in the u.s. versus the philippines. philippines in the 80s, the level of exposure to the kinds of microbes probably orders a magnitude greater than what happens on the united states except on a rural farm where you're actively engaged with

animals. i don't think this will track for disadvantage, but that's a very testable hypothesis on something that i would like to look at. a lot of lit kra ra chur on the high jeeb hypothesis and the immune pathways related to that

suggest that it's not necessarily over infections. so, of course, i have a four-and-a-half year old and every time he came home with a cold i was like great, one notch down on the risk for asthma. [laughter] it's probably not that.

those things are correlated but what's probably lacking is exposure to come on microorganisms that are in dirt and rotting vegetable material and water that's not been bleached. things that have been part of the mammalian environment for ma

lin yeah that in post epidemiological populations and post epi hyper hygienic environments that we've eliminated from our diets, from our environment. i think even in socially disadvantaged circumstances in the united states, people are

mostly drinking tap water, not engage soil the way people in other parts of the world do. that is a testable hypothesis. >> probably not much. i don't think that there's -- this's no evidence to suggest that vaccines really matter to the kinds of things that i'm

talking about but if they do matter they may put individuals at risk nor higher [indiscernible] the way they activate the immune response is by [indiscernible] which have been associated with allergy and asthma. we do have information on

vaccines in this study but they don't seem to explain any variation here. they do matter. they, um, are not explaining what i'm showing here, but interestingly along those lines sort of what can we do to prime some of these pathways.

there are clinical trials in the uk where people as an adult who suffer from extreme form of allergy or asthma have been given extracts of parasites or some of the microbes that i'm talking about and it's shown that it's alleviated some symptoms.

i think that's interesting. my critique in that would be it's probably too late. if you want a bang for your buck i think you to do it earlier in life. but they do show small effects. >> questions, anymore questions? >> yeah.

mm-hmm. right. >> this is something i would love to do. i think another class of people to look at in this regard or immigrants who may have grown up in a certain environment and come to the united states.

that would be very interesting case study. there's good opportunity here because there are a lot of studies, a lot of demographics social science population studies moving forward over the past five years at health hrs, that are using this blood spot

method that are measuring crp and have histories of where people grew up, whether they went todaycare or not, whether older siblings, whether they were on a farm, immigrant. we can test these hypotheses. i'm waiting for data so i can do some of those things.

>> there are definitely some selection. i don't worry so much about mortality selection in the philippine study. it wasn't as high as the original investigators thought it might be. i'm sure you noticed that

original end was 3,300 and we were at 885 in 2005. most of the loss happened in the first two years of life and it was due to migration. it wasn't due to lack of participation or enthusiasm for the study but a lot of people move out of sabu, moved to the

united states, hong kong and we didn't have the funds to follow them up. the bias is that we had people that are more likely to stay in sabu, so they were a little less educated and noble. >> hmm.

>> that's great. i think we're one of my goals is to get people to ask these questions and to generate hypotheses and test them using resources like that which i actually was not aware of. there's a lot of research on the hygiene hypothesis in the

context of allergy and immunology. i want to expand that out. if inflammation really matters to all of these things we care about, then these same kinds of exposures early in life should matter, and so we should study them.

maybe it only applies in the philippines and places like that not so much here, but we should figure that out or try to. >> many mm-hmm. >> [low audio].mm-hmm. >> [low audio].-hmm. >> right. so yes and no.

so, um, it's based on data from the u.s., large epidemiologic cohorts and it also maps on the third of the distribution -- that recommends the use of that one of the reasons that i used this cup point approach in the philippines is that the distribution has shift sod far

left that i don't think three milligrams per litter is meaningful there. i used third tiles. the cut point for that was .7 milligrams per litter. that was a way to think of relative risk. do think the level really

matters and that is one of the things that we've just been fund bid nia to look at among the moms. so the moms who were originally recruited into the study are now in their 50 and 60s and 70s and they're ageing in the cardiovascular list.

we've measured their crp before, we're going to measure it again and we'll be able to see what the is cut point that predicts risk in this environment, but we're also going to give them a vaccine ark flu vaccine ark subset of them and measure the dynamic of the response to the

vaccine and see if that's a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than just your arch crp level. i'll be going to the philippines in about three weeks to get that off the ground. >> thank you very much. >> thank you.

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Senin, 02 Januari 2017

are turmeric capsules good for you


all advise and information is based on my own experience so please speak to a health professional before stopping any existing treatment and adopting this protocol

READ MORE - are turmeric capsules good for you

are turmeric capsules effective


we will begin this exercise with the 321method find a comfortable position close youreyes take a deep breath and wallets saline mentally repeat in visualized the number three three times to help you learn to relax physically atlevel 3 i'm going to direct your attention todifferent parts of your body relax your scalp relax your forehead

relax your ice in the tissue surroundingyour times relax your face a smile always helps to relax the muscles that your facerelax your throat externally and internally relax your shoulders arms and hands relax your chest relax your dhamal area externally and internally relax your thighs

relax your needs relax your cans relax your feet you are now at a deeper health yourlevel of mind deeper than the former this is your physical relaxation level 3 whenever you desire to enter thisphysical relaxation level 3 mentally repeat and visualized the number three severaltimes

your body will relax as completely asyou are now and more so every time you practice to enter the mental relaxation level to take a deep breath and ass you exhale mentally repeat and visualize the number two several times level 2 is a deeper level than three level 2 is for mental relaxation

cuernos since to not distract you instead noises help you to relaxmentally more and tumor to improve mental relaxation at level 2 practice visualizing tranquil impassive seems do that now any scene that makes you tranquilimpassive will relax you mentally take another deep breath and 1x alienmentally repeat in visualized the number one three times

you are now at level 1 the basic plainlevel that you're able to use for a purposeany purpose you desire this is your starting point to help you enter a deeper healthierlevel of mind i'm going to count from 10 to one i'm each descended number you will feelyourself going deeper and you will enter a deeper healthierlevel of mind at account from 10 to one you mayimagine yourself descending s if in and elevator

from the 10th floor to the first floor 10 9 feel going deeper 8 7 6 deeper mg per fine for 3 deeper and deeper to 1

you are now at a deeper healthier levelof mind deeper than before you may enter a deeper healthier levelof mind by simply relaxing your eileen's relax your i needs feel how relaxing are allow with this feeling of relaxation to flow slowly downward throughout yourbody all the way down two-year terms it is a wonderful feeling to be deeplyrelaxed

a very healthy state of being thepurpose of this exercise is to enhance your intuition i'm goingto return statements to you in a few moments they're called the affective sensoryprojections statements we call them esp statements for short your effective century projectionsstatements will allow you to project your mental faculties you're sensingability to any point or place on this planet

any planet within the solar system inthe solar system within the galaxy any galaxy in the universe you will beable to go beyond time and space to project your mentalcensus out to the macrocosm or to the microcost from establishing subjective points of reference ass you girl point2preference that you will be able to use to solveproblems up all kinds and enhance your livingexperience all of these projections are done with

the goal love you bean able to gatherinformation that you may use in problem-solving in making better choices and decisions in your life i will be speaking in your place and guiding you as we gothrough the statements let's begin i am now learning to choose my intelligence by developingmy sense in faculties and to project them to any point orplace on this planet take a few moments

to project yourself to a favorite point or planes to help you do that i'm going to countfrom 1 to 3 in casa sound with my fingers at thatmoment you project yourself mentally to yourideal place of relaxation it could be your bed at home a favorite chair are sofar any where you go well you enjoy jeep relaxation i wouldn't stop talkingto you

and when you next to my voice you willtake a deep breath relaxing go deeper one to 3 project yourself mentally to your ideal place every taxation until you hear my voice again relax imagine yourself in this place ofrelaxation fully and completely ass if you arethere from a holographic perspective relax

take a deep breath and ass you exhalerelax can go deeper we will continue with our esp statements allowing your imagination to experienceinformation by project team your mental strength i'm now learning to choose my intelligence by developingmy sensing faculties into project them to any point or place on any planet within the solar system

take a few moments to project your mental census in yourintelligence to any planet of your choice what planet had he chosen what do you imagine your surrounding tobe what do you imagine the environment to be like temperature light intensity in color with textures

do you experience as you move about on this planet are there any odors whatever you sense with your imagination you can use as a point of reference in the future imagine being on this planet inholographic perspective ass if you are there incorporating are love your sense in faculties whichyou visualize imagine

which you here what you feel smelling taste its continue with our esp statementseimiller need to choose my intelligence by developing my seventeen faculties andto project them to any point or placed on any solar system within the galaxy imagine moving your intelligence or experiencedsenior intelligence in some distant solar system or stellar system do that now

what are you experiencing what youperceive whatever you perceive with yourimagination at this to mention you can use as apoint of reference in the future how is this stellar system different then our solar system how isthat the same i am now learning to choose myintelligence by developing my sense in faculties into project them to any point workplace on any galaxy within the universe

so as to be aware of any actions takingplace if this is necessary and beneficial forhumanity projector intelligence and you've sentin faculties bars you still to any galaxy you desire what you perceive what are you experiencing with yourimagination notice that it doesn't take any time to bethere or to get there you are there instantly without

ian the barriers of time with out any barriers space jury desire to bethere takes you there would every you experience what ever you perceive what every huestands you may use a point of reference in thefuture i'm now learning to a tune myintelligence by developing make sense in into project them to the differentmatter kingdoms in admit matter kingdom any

abbott's levels and gaps when we speakup and admit matter kingdom is composed love energy sub-atomic particles adams and molecules project your intelligence n houston teamfaculties to any or are all those different levelsand gaps what you perceive when you experience energy what you perceive when you experience a bit i'm particles what do you perceive

when you experience adams and how are adams different then sub-atomic particles how do youexperience and different me what's the difference that makes adifference when you experience molecules in how is that level in depth how is that dimension different i'm learning to choose my intelligenceby developing my sense in faculties into project film to different

matter kingdoms animate matter with reproductive intelligence plant life project your intelligence andyour centene faculties to plant life think i've any plant any live vegetation you desire and notice a difference between plant life and in and mcmaster notice the life that sells brain into this existence bring to mind

the memory of a cell what you perceive what comes to mind study the cell from different angles imagine being inside a cell how it is that add to your experience would every you perceive with yourimagination you can use as a point of reference inthe future animate matter kingdom with reproductive intelligence animallife

imagine apparent your pet or someone spent a pet you can easily recall can imagine the different levels and epsthey comprise animal life energy sub-atomic particles adams molecules cells tissues or games

and organ systems imagine thosedifferent levels and ethics of this pet know that you can go within the pet if you look so desire or need to explore to heal to experience to build rapport you may use yourintelligence your mind and you're sensing abilitiesas well as your mental faculties to experience information up all kinds

be on the boundaries of time and space in order to use this information anytime you desire for problem solving i am now learning to choose myintelligence by developing my sent him back all teams into project them to different matterkingdoms i love the and mitt matter kingdom withreproductive intelligence and an awareness existence in otherwords the human body in mind kingdom i'd

any of its levels in depth bring to mind a loved one bring to mind the many levels and amps their existence from pure energy so atomic atomic molecular seller tissue organ organ systems in the wholebody with the ability to think to reason to make choices and decisions think atthis loved one see right through them see

in them experience some from thisperspective folding completely with are you sensingmechanisms we do you imagine what comes to mind whatever you proceed with yourimagination at this to mention you can use as apoint of reference in the future i am now learning to applycorrective measures and to bring back to normalcy any abnormality found within the kingdom any level and any doubt if this isnecessary and beneficial for humanity

you are now able with your mind with your intelligence and with your centene faculties to senseinformation to sense problematic situations and to correct these problems with the information that you detect with yourimagination in order to serve humanity better in ordered to serve yourself batter you are a powerful beam with create

human potential the subjective door tothe enhancement if your intuition has now been open whatever you proceedwith your imagination at this to mention you can use thispoint to preference in the future it is now an accomplished fact thatsubjective point of reference have been established at the imaginativedimension at the subjective dimension with yourintelligence at different levels and different amps be on time and space to function at peace

levels in to use these points apreference all you need is to have a sincere desire to solve problems your intelligence will seek out these points of reference where you willbe able to to solve problems all kinds and enhance your living experience every time the function at these levelsof the mind you will receive beneficial affectsphysically and mentally

you may use these levels of the mind to help yourself to help your loved ones and to help any human being who needshelp physically and mentally you always use these levels of the mindin a constructive creative manner for all that is beneficial and passagein and this is cell you will continue totake part in constructive and creative activities to make this a better will to live in sothat when you move on you will have left behind a better worldfor those who file

you will consider the whole of humanity depending on the agents as fathers ormothers brothers or sisters sons we got urs you are superior human being you have greater understanding compassion patients and intuition and you will use yourintuition mice me in a moment i'm going to countfrom one to five in casa sounded my fingers

at that moment you will open your eyesbe wide awake feeling fine and in perfect healthfeeling better than before one to coming out slowly now 3 account 25 you open your eyes be wide awake feeling fine and inperfect health feeling better than before feeling theway you feel when you have slapped the right amount to revitalisingrefreshing relaxing healthy sleep for

5 eyes open wide awake better than before

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